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Alterations of Dietary Energy and Amino Acid Densities During Coccidiosis Infections in Broilers
Alterations of Dietary Energy and Amino Acid Densities During Coccidiosis Infections in Br...
Alterations of Dietary Energy and Amino Acid Densities During Coccidiosis Infections in Broilers

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105246
ISBN  
9798291574355
DDC  
636
저자명  
Jespersen, Julianna Christine.
서명/저자  
Alterations of Dietary Energy and Amino Acid Densities During Coccidiosis Infections in Broilers
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023
형태사항  
183 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Dilger, Ryan N.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023.
초록/해제  
요약Coccidiosis is ubiquitous in the poultry industry, and, with the shift of consumer preference towards products derived from both antimicrobial- and cage-free poultry, will remain a pressing issue in the foreseeable future. Although immunity against Eimeria protozoa that cause coccidiosis infections can be generated through vaccination, which can replace the use of anticoccidial drugs, successful vaccination still inflicts a mild immune challenge on the chick. This immune challenge often results in losses of growth performance that may not be overcome by the time the chick reaches market age of approximately 35 to 42 days. Therefore, the need to ameliorate these losses due to both infection and the cost of vaccination presents itself.One such method of mitigating these losses is through nutritional intervention, where dietary nutrient levels and combinations are optimized for maximal performance of the bird. However, these ideal nutrient levels may be altered in birds experiencing immune challenges and 'sickness' behavior additionally influences how much the affected bird is willing to eat. As such, feed provided to birds during health challenges should consider these complications.Broiler feed majorly consists of 3 nutrient classes: carbohydrates, lipids, and protein (i.e., amino acids; AA). Each of these nutrients contribute to the energy content of the diet, referred to as apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and dietary AME is a key proponent of regulating feed intake in poultry. Carbohydrates, in the form of starch, are typically lesser-expensive ingredients that consist of the largest portion of the diet. Lipids, often as oil, are added to diets to increase energy density when cost-effective to producers. However, as muscle protein or meat is the main product of broiler chickens, it may be argued that AA content of the diet is the most important component to consider. Specifically, methionine is the first limiting AA for broilers fed standard corn/soybean meal-based rations, and it is involved in many metabolic processes that drive growth such as tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and methylation. Additionally, Met is involved in immune response pathways, including inflammation and B and T cell production. To determine if an ideal combination of starch, oil, and AA, specifically Met, existed to reduce growth performance loss during a coccidiosis infection in broilers, a total of 6 experiments were conducted.First, it was necessary to establish sufficient dosages of Eimeria oocysts to elicit a mild coccidiosis challenge with a desired reduction in growth performance of 10-15%, whether those oocysts were propagated within our own laboratory or acquired from a commercially-available coccidiosis vaccine. Two pilot trials were conducted using a total of 224 male Ross 308 broiler chicks randomly assigned to 1 of 8 experimental treatments. All treatments received the same common starter diet throughout the trials. Experimental treatments differed by challenge method (live-oocyst or over-vaccination) across the trials, and dosage of the respective challenge within each trial. Live-oocyst challenges in Pilot Trial 1 contained sporulated Eimeria oocysts of the species E. acervulina (range 50,000-150,000 oocysts) and E. tenella (range 10,000-30,000) according to treatment. Vaccine dosages in Pilot Trial 2 were calculated using average BW and the experimental treatments were designed to infect the birds with either 2x, 3x, or 4x the vaccination amount. Percent difference between each treatment and their respective control was calculated for growth performance for comparison. Through the results of these pilot trials, it was determined that a vaccine dosage of 3x the manufacturer's recommendation (based on body weight) or a live-oocyst dosage of 100,000 E. acervulina and 20,000 E. tenella oocysts were sufficient in reducing overall body weight gain (BWG) by 13-17% compared to their respective control groups.Next, 2 trials were conducted to estimate ideal dietary combinations of starch, oil, and AA during a coccidiosis change in order to maximize performance according to the desired outcome of BWG or feed conversion ratio (FCR). These trials utilized 1,536 male Ross 308 broiler chicks in floor pens randomly assigned to 1 of 17 experimental treatments. All birds received common starter (d 0-10) and finisher (d 24-35) diets, and only differed based on their assigned experimental grower diet (d 10-24). Trial 1 experimental grower diets ranged from 2,700-3,300 kcal/kg AME. Trial 2 included 10 experimental grower diets following a simplex lattice design consisting of 3 basal lots formulated to have the highest starch (45.4%), oil (10.2%), or AA density (120%, 1.33% digestible Lys) and mixed in 4 equally spaced levels for each component (0, 0.33, 0.67, 1). These mixtures enabled varying densities of AA (80-120% of recommendation), starch:oil (4:1-20:1), and AME (2,940-3,450 kcal/kg). Bird and feeder weights were collected on d 0, 10, 24, and 35, and birds were exposed to an Eimeria challenge on d 11 or 12. In Trial 2, excreta samples were collected for AME determination and carcasses were processed on d 36. Data in both trials were analyzed separately using an analysis of variance (ANOVA), pooled t-test, or polynomial regression. In Trial 1, BWG and FCR were improved (P 0.05) by increasing dietary AME. In Trial 2, birds receiving diets containing AA at 93-107% of recommendations and higher oil exhibited improved (P 0.05) performance, but increased starch at the expense of oil reduced performance (P 0.05). Relative breast and fat pad weights were not influenced by diet in Trial 2. We determined that broilers mildly-challenged with Eimeria would exhibit highest BWG when receiving diets containing 35.8% starch, 8.9% oil, and 101.3% of AA recommendations or optimal FCR when provided 36.9% starch, 9.2% supplemental oil, and 96.9% recommended AA.Last, we assessed if the Met requirement was altered during a coccidiosis infection based on results of growth performance, carcass traits, and health outcomes. Two trials were conducted using a total of 780 male Ross 308 broiler chicks in floor pens randomly assigned to 1 of 12 experimental treatments. All birds received common starter (d 0-10) and finisher (d 24-35, Trial 2) diets, and only differed based on their assigned experimental grower diet (d 10-24). All experimental grower diets were formulated to contain a combination of 35% starch, 5.4% supplemental oil, and 105% of AA recommendations, with the exception of Met. Trial 1 experimental grower diets ranged from 2.61 to 6.21 g/kg digestible Met. Trial 2 experimental grower diets were formulated to contain 15% below, at, or 15% above the Met requirement determined in Trial 1. Birds were exposed to an Eimeria challenge on d 11, with blood and tissue collection on d 18 and carcass processing on d 35 in Trial 2. Data were analyzed using a 1- or 2-way ANOVA. A non-linear regression analysis was conducted in Trial 1 to determine the Met requirement of 4.32 g/kg standardized ileal digestible Met using BWG. Coccidiosis infection reduced (P 0.05) growth performance during the experimental grower and overall study periods in Trial 2. Increasing dietary Met from below requirement to meeting requirement during the grower period improved (P 0.001) BWG and FCR, but this effect was only significant between treatments below and above the requirement for the overall study period. There was an interactive effect (P = 0.038) on FCR for the overall study period. Collectively, these results demonstrate that dietary nutrient density can be optimized and used as a method to reduce losses of growth performance during a coccidiosis challenge, and provide evidence that the Met requirement likely increased when optimizing FCR during a coccidiosis infection.
일반주제명  
Animal sciences
일반주제명  
Food science
일반주제명  
Biochemistry
일반주제명  
Nutrition
키워드  
Broiler chickens
키워드  
Coccidiosis infections
키워드  
Amino acids
키워드  
Methionine
키워드  
Diet
기타저자  
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Animal Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-02B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aJespersen,  Julianna  Christine.
■24510▼aAlterations  of  Dietary  Energy  and  Amino  Acid  Densities  During  Coccidiosis  Infections  in  Broilers
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2023
■300    ▼a183  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-02,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Dilger,  Ryan  N.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign,  2023.
■520    ▼aCoccidiosis  is  ubiquitous  in  the  poultry  industry,  and,  with  the  shift  of  consumer  preference  towards  products  derived  from  both  antimicrobial-  and  cage-free  poultry,  will  remain  a  pressing  issue  in  the  foreseeable  future.  Although  immunity  against  Eimeria  protozoa  that  cause  coccidiosis  infections  can  be  generated  through  vaccination,  which  can  replace  the  use  of  anticoccidial  drugs,  successful  vaccination  still  inflicts  a  mild  immune  challenge  on  the  chick.  This  immune  challenge  often  results  in  losses  of  growth  performance  that  may  not  be  overcome  by  the  time  the  chick  reaches  market  age  of  approximately  35  to  42  days.  Therefore,  the  need  to  ameliorate  these  losses  due  to  both  infection  and  the  cost  of  vaccination  presents  itself.One  such  method  of  mitigating  these  losses  is  through  nutritional  intervention,  where  dietary  nutrient  levels  and  combinations  are  optimized  for  maximal  performance  of  the  bird.  However,  these  ideal  nutrient  levels  may  be  altered  in  birds  experiencing  immune  challenges  and  'sickness'  behavior  additionally  influences  how  much  the  affected  bird  is  willing  to  eat.  As  such,  feed  provided  to  birds  during  health  challenges  should  consider  these  complications.Broiler  feed  majorly  consists  of  3  nutrient  classes:  carbohydrates,  lipids,  and  protein  (i.e.,  amino  acids;  AA).  Each  of  these  nutrients  contribute  to  the  energy  content  of  the  diet,  referred  to  as  apparent  metabolizable  energy  (AME),  and  dietary  AME  is  a  key  proponent  of  regulating  feed  intake  in  poultry.  Carbohydrates,  in  the  form  of  starch,  are  typically  lesser-expensive  ingredients  that  consist  of  the  largest  portion  of  the  diet.  Lipids,  often  as  oil,  are  added  to  diets  to  increase  energy  density  when  cost-effective  to  producers.  However,  as  muscle  protein  or  meat  is  the  main  product  of  broiler  chickens,  it  may  be  argued  that  AA  content  of  the  diet  is  the  most  important  component  to  consider.  Specifically,  methionine  is  the  first  limiting  AA  for  broilers  fed  standard  corn/soybean  meal-based  rations,  and  it  is  involved  in  many  metabolic  processes  that  drive  growth  such  as  tricarboxylic  acid  cycle  activity  and  methylation.  Additionally,  Met  is  involved  in  immune  response  pathways,  including  inflammation  and  B  and  T  cell  production.  To  determine  if  an  ideal  combination  of  starch,  oil,  and  AA,  specifically  Met,  existed  to  reduce  growth  performance  loss  during  a  coccidiosis  infection  in  broilers,  a  total  of  6  experiments  were  conducted.First,  it  was  necessary  to  establish  sufficient  dosages  of  Eimeria  oocysts  to  elicit  a  mild  coccidiosis  challenge  with  a  desired  reduction  in  growth  performance  of  10-15%,  whether  those  oocysts  were  propagated  within  our  own  laboratory  or  acquired  from  a  commercially-available  coccidiosis  vaccine.  Two  pilot  trials  were  conducted  using  a  total  of  224  male  Ross  308  broiler  chicks  randomly  assigned  to  1  of  8  experimental  treatments.  All  treatments  received  the  same  common  starter  diet  throughout  the  trials.  Experimental  treatments  differed  by  challenge  method  (live-oocyst  or  over-vaccination)  across  the  trials,  and  dosage  of  the  respective  challenge  within  each  trial.  Live-oocyst  challenges  in  Pilot  Trial  1  contained  sporulated  Eimeria  oocysts  of  the  species  E.  acervulina  (range  50,000-150,000  oocysts)  and  E.  tenella  (range  10,000-30,000)  according  to  treatment.  Vaccine  dosages  in  Pilot  Trial  2  were  calculated  using  average  BW  and  the  experimental  treatments  were  designed  to  infect  the  birds  with  either  2x,  3x,  or  4x  the  vaccination  amount.  Percent  difference  between  each  treatment  and  their  respective  control  was  calculated  for  growth  performance  for  comparison.  Through  the  results  of  these  pilot  trials,  it  was  determined  that  a  vaccine  dosage  of  3x  the  manufacturer's  recommendation  (based  on  body  weight)  or  a  live-oocyst  dosage  of  100,000  E.  acervulina  and  20,000  E.  tenella  oocysts  were  sufficient  in  reducing  overall  body  weight  gain  (BWG)  by  13-17%  compared  to  their  respective  control  groups.Next,  2  trials  were  conducted  to  estimate  ideal  dietary  combinations  of  starch,  oil,  and  AA  during  a  coccidiosis  change  in  order  to  maximize  performance  according  to  the  desired  outcome  of  BWG  or  feed  conversion  ratio  (FCR).  These  trials  utilized  1,536  male  Ross  308  broiler  chicks  in  floor  pens  randomly  assigned  to  1  of  17  experimental  treatments.  All  birds  received  common  starter  (d  0-10)  and  finisher  (d  24-35)  diets,  and  only  differed  based  on  their  assigned  experimental  grower  diet  (d  10-24).  Trial  1  experimental  grower  diets  ranged  from  2,700-3,300  kcal/kg  AME.  Trial  2  included  10  experimental  grower  diets  following  a  simplex  lattice  design  consisting  of  3  basal  lots  formulated  to  have  the  highest  starch  (45.4%),  oil  (10.2%),  or  AA  density  (120%,  1.33%  digestible  Lys)  and  mixed  in  4  equally  spaced  levels  for  each  component  (0,  0.33,  0.67,  1).  These  mixtures  enabled  varying  densities  of  AA  (80-120%  of  recommendation),  starch:oil  (4:1-20:1),  and  AME  (2,940-3,450  kcal/kg).  Bird  and  feeder  weights  were  collected  on  d  0,  10,  24,  and  35,  and  birds  were  exposed  to  an  Eimeria  challenge  on  d  11  or  12.  In  Trial  2,  excreta  samples  were  collected  for  AME  determination  and  carcasses  were  processed  on  d  36.  Data  in  both  trials  were  analyzed  separately  using  an  analysis  of  variance  (ANOVA),  pooled  t-test,  or  polynomial  regression.  In  Trial  1,  BWG  and  FCR  were  improved  (P    0.05)  by  increasing  dietary  AME.  In  Trial  2,  birds  receiving  diets  containing  AA  at  93-107%  of  recommendations  and  higher  oil  exhibited  improved  (P    0.05)  performance,  but  increased  starch  at  the  expense  of  oil  reduced  performance  (P    0.05).  Relative  breast  and  fat  pad  weights  were  not  influenced  by  diet  in  Trial  2.  We  determined  that  broilers  mildly-challenged  with  Eimeria  would  exhibit  highest  BWG  when  receiving  diets  containing  35.8%  starch,  8.9%  oil,  and  101.3%  of  AA  recommendations  or  optimal  FCR  when  provided  36.9%  starch,  9.2%  supplemental  oil,  and  96.9%  recommended  AA.Last,  we  assessed  if  the  Met  requirement  was  altered  during  a  coccidiosis  infection  based  on  results  of  growth  performance,  carcass  traits,  and  health  outcomes.  Two  trials  were  conducted  using  a  total  of  780  male  Ross  308  broiler  chicks  in  floor  pens  randomly  assigned  to  1  of  12  experimental  treatments.  All  birds  received  common  starter  (d  0-10)  and  finisher  (d  24-35,  Trial  2)  diets,  and  only  differed  based  on  their  assigned  experimental  grower  diet  (d  10-24).  All  experimental  grower  diets  were  formulated  to  contain  a  combination  of  35%  starch,  5.4%  supplemental  oil,  and  105%  of  AA  recommendations,  with  the  exception  of  Met.  Trial  1  experimental  grower  diets  ranged  from  2.61  to  6.21  g/kg  digestible  Met.  Trial  2  experimental  grower  diets  were  formulated  to  contain  15%  below,  at,  or  15%  above  the  Met  requirement  determined  in  Trial  1.  Birds  were  exposed  to  an  Eimeria  challenge  on  d  11,  with  blood  and  tissue  collection  on  d  18  and  carcass  processing  on  d  35  in  Trial  2.  Data  were  analyzed  using  a  1-  or  2-way  ANOVA.  A  non-linear  regression  analysis  was  conducted  in  Trial  1  to  determine  the  Met  requirement  of  4.32  g/kg  standardized  ileal  digestible  Met  using  BWG.  Coccidiosis  infection  reduced  (P  0.05)  growth  performance  during  the  experimental  grower  and  overall  study  periods  in  Trial  2.  Increasing  dietary  Met  from  below  requirement  to  meeting  requirement  during  the  grower  period  improved  (P    0.001)  BWG  and  FCR,  but  this  effect  was  only  significant  between  treatments  below  and  above  the  requirement  for  the  overall  study  period.  There  was  an  interactive  effect  (P  =  0.038)  on  FCR  for  the  overall  study  period.  Collectively,  these  results  demonstrate  that  dietary  nutrient  density  can  be  optimized  and  used  as  a  method  to  reduce  losses  of  growth  performance  during  a  coccidiosis  challenge,  and  provide  evidence  that  the  Met  requirement  likely  increased  when  optimizing  FCR  during  a  coccidiosis  infection.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0090.
■650  4▼aAnimal  sciences
■650  4▼aFood  science
■650  4▼aBiochemistry
■650  4▼aNutrition
■653    ▼aBroiler  chickens
■653    ▼aCoccidiosis  infections
■653    ▼aAmino  acids
■653    ▼aMethionine
■653    ▼aDiet
■690    ▼a0475
■690    ▼a0487
■690    ▼a0359
■690    ▼a0570
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼bAnimal  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-02B.
■790    ▼a0090
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359989▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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