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Essays on Bias and Disparate Treatment
Essays on Bias and Disparate Treatment
Essays on Bias and Disparate Treatment

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103040
ISBN  
9798286424238
DDC  
614
저자명  
Philip, Minu.
서명/저자  
Essays on Bias and Disparate Treatment
발행사항  
[Sl] : New York University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
213 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Ray, Debraj;Rotemberg, Martin.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--New York University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation examines how bias shapes decision-making across varied contexts. The three chapters apply distinct empirical methods in the contexts of healthcare provision, fertility choice, and social behavior, to detect bias in decision-making and uncover the mechanisms driving it.In "Disparate Treatment and Outcomes in Emergency Departments: Evidence from Florida," Ozde Ozkaya and I study racial disparity in stroke diagnosis in emergency departments. Strokes are roughly twice more likely to be missed among Black patients compared to non-Black patients, with most of the disparity arising from physicians testing Black patients less often. To quantify the role of disparate treatment in driving this difference in testing, we leverage a unique feature of strokes: whether a patient actually had a stroke can be inferred retrospectively even if initially misdiagnosed. This allows us to benchmark testing decisions against racially objective predictions of stroke risk made by a machine learning model trained on the true underlying stroke states. We then decompose disparate treatment into two forces: an unjustified skill gap, where physicians make noisier risk assessments for Black patients; and racial prejudice, where physicians are less likely to test Black patients conditional on their risk assessment."Who is Sex-Selecting, and When?" offers another lens into how biases affect decision-making. It studies fertility choices of parents in India who typically have a strong preferential bias for sons over daughters. Such parents are known to engineer the sex-composition of their children using prenatal sex-selective abortions or continued childbearing until their desired number of sons are born. I propose and empirically validate a general heuristic that describes when parents decide to sex-select. Using data on mothers' birth history and self-reported ideal number of children, I define relative birth orders for each child indicating how far each birth is from the mother's ideal number of children. Examining birth sex-ratios at various relative orders, I find the ratio of male-to-female births to be the highest when mothers' are at their ideal number of children. This suggests a heuristic whereby parents sex-select when at their ideal number, to avoid exceeding it. I empirically validate this heuristic by exploiting the natural orthogonality between sex assigned at birth and the preceding birth interval. This orthogonality breaks down with sex-selective abortion that results in artificially longer intervals before male births. Following birth histories with few or no sons, I find intervals preceding male births to be longer among mothers who are at their ideal parity-just as the heuristic suggests.The final chapter, "Group-Bias in Interpersonal Interactions," explores what generates group-bias. Is it an effect of salience in group categorization, or is what appears to be group-bias merely a consequence of strategic behavior to gain from the interdependence of payoffs? Using groups induced in the lab, I experimentally manipulate payoff structures to find subjects favoring their assigned in-group even when their respective in-groups cannot affect their payoffs. Categorization is hence a sufficient source of group bias that operates even in the absence of any expectations of generalized reciprocity or other strategic pecuniary interests. Crucially, individuals care about how they're perceived by their in-group, indicating that group bias stems not merely from the salience of group categories but from meaningful group identification grounded in the non-pecuniary value of affiliation, as proposed by group identity theory. Positive evaluation by the in-group reinforces group bias, while negative evaluation leads to disidentification and disregard for group categorization.
일반주제명  
Public health
일반주제명  
Medicine
키워드  
Bias
키워드  
Disparate treatment
키워드  
Machine learning
키워드  
Son-preference
키워드  
Emergency departments
기타저자  
New York University Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a614
■1001  ▼aPhilip,  Minu.
■24510▼aEssays  on  Bias  and  Disparate  Treatment
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bNew  York  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a213  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Ray,  Debraj;Rotemberg,  Martin.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--New  York  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  examines  how  bias  shapes  decision-making  across  varied  contexts.  The  three  chapters  apply  distinct  empirical  methods  in  the  contexts  of  healthcare  provision,  fertility  choice,  and  social  behavior,  to  detect  bias  in  decision-making  and  uncover  the  mechanisms  driving  it.In  "Disparate  Treatment  and  Outcomes  in  Emergency  Departments:  Evidence  from  Florida,"  Ozde  Ozkaya  and  I  study  racial  disparity  in  stroke  diagnosis  in  emergency  departments.  Strokes  are  roughly  twice  more  likely  to  be  missed  among  Black  patients  compared  to  non-Black  patients,  with  most  of  the  disparity  arising  from  physicians  testing  Black  patients  less  often.  To  quantify  the  role  of  disparate  treatment  in  driving  this  difference  in  testing,  we  leverage  a  unique  feature  of  strokes:  whether  a  patient  actually  had  a  stroke  can  be  inferred  retrospectively  even  if  initially  misdiagnosed.  This  allows  us  to  benchmark  testing  decisions  against  racially  objective  predictions  of  stroke  risk  made  by  a  machine  learning  model  trained  on  the  true  underlying  stroke  states.  We  then  decompose  disparate  treatment  into  two  forces:  an  unjustified  skill  gap,  where  physicians  make  noisier  risk  assessments  for  Black  patients;  and  racial  prejudice,  where  physicians  are  less  likely  to  test  Black  patients  conditional  on  their  risk  assessment."Who  is  Sex-Selecting,  and  When?"  offers  another  lens  into  how  biases  affect  decision-making.  It  studies  fertility  choices  of  parents  in  India  who  typically  have  a  strong  preferential  bias  for  sons  over  daughters.  Such  parents  are  known  to  engineer  the  sex-composition  of  their  children  using  prenatal  sex-selective  abortions  or  continued  childbearing  until  their  desired  number  of  sons  are  born.  I  propose  and  empirically  validate  a  general  heuristic  that  describes  when  parents  decide  to  sex-select.  Using  data  on  mothers'  birth  history  and  self-reported  ideal  number  of  children,  I  define  relative  birth  orders  for  each  child  indicating  how  far  each  birth  is  from  the  mother's  ideal  number  of  children.  Examining  birth  sex-ratios  at  various  relative  orders,  I  find  the  ratio  of  male-to-female  births  to  be  the  highest  when  mothers'  are  at  their  ideal  number  of  children.  This  suggests  a  heuristic  whereby  parents  sex-select  when  at  their  ideal  number,  to  avoid  exceeding  it.  I  empirically  validate  this  heuristic  by  exploiting  the  natural  orthogonality  between  sex  assigned  at  birth  and  the  preceding  birth  interval.  This  orthogonality  breaks  down  with  sex-selective  abortion  that  results  in  artificially  longer  intervals  before  male  births.  Following  birth  histories  with  few  or  no  sons,  I  find  intervals  preceding  male  births  to  be  longer  among  mothers  who  are  at  their  ideal  parity-just  as  the  heuristic  suggests.The  final  chapter,  "Group-Bias  in  Interpersonal  Interactions,"  explores  what  generates  group-bias.  Is  it  an  effect  of  salience  in  group  categorization,  or  is  what  appears  to  be  group-bias  merely  a  consequence  of  strategic  behavior  to  gain  from  the  interdependence  of  payoffs?  Using  groups  induced  in  the  lab,  I  experimentally  manipulate  payoff  structures  to  find  subjects  favoring  their  assigned  in-group  even  when  their  respective  in-groups  cannot  affect  their  payoffs.  Categorization  is  hence  a  sufficient  source  of  group  bias  that  operates  even  in  the  absence  of  any  expectations  of  generalized  reciprocity  or  other  strategic  pecuniary  interests.  Crucially,  individuals  care  about  how  they're  perceived  by  their  in-group,  indicating  that  group  bias  stems  not  merely  from  the  salience  of  group  categories  but  from  meaningful  group  identification  grounded  in  the  non-pecuniary  value  of  affiliation,  as  proposed  by  group  identity  theory.  Positive  evaluation  by  the  in-group  reinforces  group  bias,  while  negative  evaluation  leads  to  disidentification  and  disregard  for  group  categorization.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0146.
■650  4▼aPublic  health
■650  4▼aMedicine
■653    ▼aBias
■653    ▼aDisparate  treatment
■653    ▼aMachine  learning
■653    ▼aSon-preference
■653    ▼aEmergency  departments
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0573
■690    ▼a0564
■690    ▼a0800
■690    ▼a0769
■71020▼aNew  York  University▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0146
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17356812▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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