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Essays on Political Methodology
Essays on Political Methodology
Essays on Political Methodology

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105140
ISBN  
9798265410054
DDC  
320
저자명  
Shin, Sooahn.
서명/저자  
Essays on Political Methodology
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
255 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Imai, Kosuke.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation consists of four independent essays on political methodology. These studies center around the following research programs: (1) measuring ideological scores beyond a single-dimensional scale, (2) addressing bias from missing values when estimating causal effects using panel data, and (3) assessing decision-making systems with algorithmic recommendations. In the first study, I develop a method to estimate ideal points specific to a single issue area using roll call votes and user-supplied issue labels. Ideal point estimation is widely used to measure the ideology and policy preferences of political actors. Yet, an outstanding challenge is to estimate ideal points specific to a single issue area. A common practice is to subset the voting data and fit a model for a specific issue, a method that not only discards valuable information but also hampers the comparison across multiple issue areas. To address this, I propose IssueIRT, a hierarchical Item Response Theory (IRT) model that estimates issue-specific axes within a latent policy space to generate single-dimensional issue-specific ideal points. Contrary to the common practice of subsetting approach, this method enables comparison of ideal points across different issue areas and across time span. Using this method, I examine varying degrees of polarization in US Congress across 33 issue areas from 1979 to 2023. In the second study, I develop methods for estimating causal effects in difference in differences (DID) designs with nonignorable missing outcomes. Missing outcomes in panel data are prevalent and particularly problematic in DID settings, as either selection into treatment or the treatment effect itself may influence outcome missingness. A common approach, known as complete case analysis, drops any units with missing values over time, potentially leading to biased estimates. In this study, I propose alternative identification strategies based on the parallel trends within each principal strata (e.g., always respondents, if treated respondents). Building on this, I introduce two methods: (1) point identification of the average treatment effect for the treated (ATT) using an instrumental variable approach, and (2) partial identification of the ATT for always respondents by leveraging panel data on missingness. Unlike complete case analysis, the partial identification approach does not require independence between treatment selection and principal strata, nor does it assume homogeneous effects across these strata. The third study, coauthored with Naijia Liu and Soichiro Yamauchi, proposes a sensitivity analysis for assessing the robustness of the synthetic control methods (SCM) when units are dropped from an analysis due to missing data. SCM is a widely used causal inference method for policy interventions, yet handling missing values, such as those in country-year economic indicators, remains challenging. We leverage vertical regression as an estimation strategy, where the control units serve as the independent variables and SCM weights correspond to the regression coefficients. Using this framework, we apply omitted variable bias to derive the exact bias formula in SCM estimates. We then propose a sensitivity analysis that utilizes partially observed, often neglected, data as benchmarks. This simple tool allows researchers to evaluate the robustness of their SCM estimates with respect to bias from different configurations of control units. The fourth study, coauthored with Eli Ben-Michael, D. James Greiner, Melody Huang, Kosuke Imai, and Zhichao Jiang, proposes a causal inference framework to compare human decisions with those assisted by Artificial Intelligence (AI). Today, data-driven recommendations based on AI play a central role in human decision-making. The critical question is whether AI helps humans make better decisions compared to a human-alone or AI-alone system. We introduce a new methodological framework to empirically answer this question with minimal assumptions, where we measure a decision maker's ability to make correct decisions using standard classification metrics based on the baseline potential outcome. Under this framework, we show how to compare the performance of three alternative decision-making systems---human-alone, human-with-AI, and AI-alone. This also enables policy learning for better decision-making systems: when AI recommendations should be provided to a human-decision maker, and when one should follow such recommendations. We apply the proposed methodology to our own randomized controlled trial that evaluates a pretrial risk assessment instrument in the US criminal justice system.
일반주제명  
Political science
일반주제명  
Statistics
일반주제명  
Computer science
키워드  
Causal inference
키워드  
Difference-in-differences
키워드  
Ideal point estimation
키워드  
Large language model
키워드  
Synthetic control methods
기타저자  
Harvard University Government
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■24510▼aEssays  on  Political  Methodology
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a255  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Imai,  Kosuke.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  consists  of  four  independent  essays  on  political  methodology.  These  studies  center  around  the  following  research  programs:  (1)  measuring  ideological  scores  beyond  a  single-dimensional  scale,  (2)  addressing  bias  from  missing  values  when  estimating  causal  effects  using  panel  data,  and  (3)  assessing  decision-making  systems  with  algorithmic  recommendations.            In  the  first  study,  I  develop  a  method  to  estimate  ideal  points  specific  to  a  single  issue  area  using  roll  call  votes  and  user-supplied  issue  labels.  Ideal  point  estimation  is  widely  used  to  measure  the  ideology  and  policy  preferences  of  political  actors.  Yet,  an  outstanding  challenge  is  to  estimate  ideal  points  specific  to  a  single  issue  area.  A  common  practice  is  to  subset  the  voting  data  and  fit  a  model  for  a  specific  issue,  a  method  that  not  only  discards  valuable  information  but  also  hampers  the  comparison  across  multiple  issue  areas.  To  address  this,  I  propose  IssueIRT,  a  hierarchical  Item  Response  Theory  (IRT)  model  that  estimates  issue-specific  axes  within  a  latent  policy  space  to  generate  single-dimensional  issue-specific  ideal  points.  Contrary  to  the  common  practice  of  subsetting  approach,  this  method  enables  comparison  of  ideal  points  across  different  issue  areas  and  across  time  span.  Using  this  method,  I  examine  varying  degrees  of  polarization  in  US  Congress  across  33  issue  areas  from  1979  to  2023.            In  the  second  study,  I  develop  methods  for  estimating  causal  effects  in  difference  in  differences  (DID)  designs  with  nonignorable  missing  outcomes.  Missing  outcomes  in  panel  data  are  prevalent  and  particularly  problematic  in  DID  settings,  as  either  selection  into  treatment  or  the  treatment  effect  itself  may  influence  outcome  missingness.  A  common  approach,  known  as  complete  case  analysis,  drops  any  units  with  missing  values  over  time,  potentially  leading  to  biased  estimates.  In  this  study,  I  propose  alternative  identification  strategies  based  on  the  parallel  trends  within  each  principal  strata  (e.g.,  always  respondents,  if  treated  respondents).  Building  on  this,  I  introduce  two  methods:  (1)  point  identification  of  the  average  treatment  effect  for  the  treated  (ATT)  using  an  instrumental  variable  approach,  and  (2)  partial  identification  of  the  ATT  for  always  respondents  by  leveraging  panel  data  on  missingness.  Unlike  complete  case  analysis,  the  partial  identification  approach  does  not  require  independence  between  treatment  selection  and  principal  strata,  nor  does  it  assume  homogeneous  effects  across  these  strata.            The  third  study,  coauthored  with  Naijia  Liu  and  Soichiro  Yamauchi,  proposes  a  sensitivity  analysis  for  assessing  the  robustness  of  the  synthetic  control  methods  (SCM)  when  units  are  dropped  from  an  analysis  due  to  missing  data.  SCM  is  a  widely  used  causal  inference  method  for  policy  interventions,  yet  handling  missing  values,  such  as  those  in  country-year  economic  indicators,  remains  challenging.  We  leverage  vertical  regression  as  an  estimation  strategy,  where  the  control  units  serve  as  the  independent  variables  and  SCM  weights  correspond  to  the  regression  coefficients.  Using  this  framework,  we  apply  omitted  variable  bias  to  derive  the  exact  bias  formula  in  SCM  estimates.  We  then  propose  a  sensitivity  analysis  that  utilizes  partially  observed,  often  neglected,  data  as  benchmarks.  This  simple  tool  allows  researchers  to  evaluate  the  robustness  of  their  SCM  estimates  with  respect  to  bias  from  different  configurations  of  control  units.            The  fourth  study,  coauthored  with  Eli  Ben-Michael,  D.  James  Greiner,  Melody  Huang,  Kosuke  Imai,  and  Zhichao  Jiang,  proposes  a  causal  inference  framework  to  compare  human  decisions  with  those  assisted  by  Artificial  Intelligence  (AI).  Today,  data-driven  recommendations  based  on  AI  play  a  central  role  in  human  decision-making.  The  critical  question  is  whether  AI  helps  humans  make  better  decisions  compared  to  a  human-alone  or  AI-alone  system.  We  introduce  a  new  methodological  framework  to  empirically  answer  this  question  with  minimal  assumptions,  where  we  measure  a  decision  maker's  ability  to  make  correct  decisions  using  standard  classification  metrics  based  on  the  baseline  potential  outcome.      Under  this  framework,  we  show  how  to  compare  the  performance  of  three  alternative  decision-making  systems---human-alone,  human-with-AI,  and  AI-alone.  This  also  enables  policy  learning  for  better  decision-making  systems:  when  AI  recommendations  should  be  provided  to  a  human-decision  maker,  and  when  one  should  follow  such  recommendations.  We  apply  the  proposed  methodology  to  our  own  randomized  controlled  trial  that  evaluates  a  pretrial  risk  assessment  instrument  in  the  US  criminal  justice  system.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aPolitical  science
■650  4▼aStatistics
■650  4▼aComputer  science
■653    ▼aCausal  inference
■653    ▼aDifference-in-differences
■653    ▼aIdeal  point  estimation
■653    ▼aLarge  language  model
■653    ▼aSynthetic  control  methods
■690    ▼a0615
■690    ▼a0511
■690    ▼a0984
■690    ▼a0463
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bGovernment.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-05B.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359574▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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