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The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Pharmaceutical Prices, Demand, and Innovation
The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Pharmaceutical Prices, Demand, and Innovation
The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Pharmaceutical Prices, Demand, and Innovation

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103047
ISBN  
9798280756564
DDC  
378
저자명  
Yuan, Zhemin.
서명/저자  
The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Pharmaceutical Prices, Demand, and Innovation
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Pennsylvania, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
126 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Fang, Hanming.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) led to the largest health insurance expansion in the U.S. since Medicare and Medicaid were introduced in 1965. This dissertation studies the causal effects of the ACA on pharmaceutical prices, demand, and innovation using a difference-in-differences framework with continuous treatment intensity. The identification strategy exploits plausibly exogenous variation in medical conditions' exposure to different ACA provisions, arising from their differential prevalence across age groups.For pharmaceutical prices, I find that the ACA non-Medicare provisions incentivized firms to increase prices for brand-name drugs targeting medical conditions more prevalent among adult workers aged 19 to 64. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in exposure to these provisions would lead to a 0.079 percent increase in brand-name prices per prescription. While this effect may seem modest, for the medical condition with the highest exposure (essential hypertension), the brand-name price per prescription would increase by 1.455 percent. In 2015, this corresponded to a $109.363 increase, or 85.4 percent of the mean price per prescription of $128.061.Conversely, manufacturers of brand-name drugs targeting the elderly (aged 65 and over) reduced prices, likely to circumvent manufacturer discounts mandated by the phaseout of the Medicare Part D coverage gap. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in policy exposure would lead to a 0.050 percent decrease in brand-name prices per prescription. While this effect may seem modest, for the medical condition with the highest exposure (essential hypertension), the brand-name price per prescription would decrease by 1.012 percent. In 2015, this corresponded to a $76.081 decrease, or 59.4 percent of the mean price per prescription of $128.061.For pharmaceutical utilization, I find no evidence that per capita prescriptions responded to the ACA, suggesting that individual drug consumption is highly inelastic to insurance coverage. However, the ACA affected market participation by reducing the number of buyers aged 18 and under, particularly for medical conditions more prevalent in this group. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in disease prevalence among individuals aged 18 and under would lead to a 0.037 percent decline in total prescriptions for this group. While this effect may seem modest, for the most prevalent condition in this group (asthma), the ACA would reduce their total prescriptions by 0.557 percent. In 2015, this corresponded to a reduction of 10.009 million prescriptions, or nearly 16 times the mean total prescriptions for this age group (0.636 million prescriptions). No statistically significant effects were found on total prescriptions for adult workers aged 19 to 64 or the elderly aged 65 and over.For pharmaceutical innovation, I find that the ACA incentivized firms to reallocate R&D budgets from medical conditions more prevalent among other age groups toward those more common among adult workers aged 19 to 64. Within the 19 to 64 age range, I find that the ACA non-Medicare provisions encouraged firms to shift R&D budgets from medical conditions more prevalent among younger workers (aged 19 to 45) toward those more common among older workers aged (46 to 64). Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in exposure to the ACA non-Medicare provisions would lead to an additional 4.614 preclinical trial initiations per quarter, approximately 1.4 times the mean of 3.368 trials. While this effect is already economically significant, for the medical condition with the highest exposure (essential hypertension), the quarterly preclinical trial initiations would increase by 88.087 trials, approximately 26 times the mean of 3.368 trials. The ACA also increased clinical R&D, primarily through the continuation of "on-the-shelf" clinical projects targeting the elderly (aged 65 and over), rather than through increased preclinical trial initiations targeting adult workers (aged 19 to 64).
일반주제명  
American studies
일반주제명  
Public policy
키워드  
Affordable Care Act
키워드  
Pharmaceutical innovation
키워드  
Pharmaceutical prices
키워드  
Pharmaceutical utilization
키워드  
Policy evaluation
기타저자  
University of Pennsylvania Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aYuan,  Zhemin.
■24510▼aThe  Effects  of  the  Affordable  Care  Act  on  Pharmaceutical  Prices,  Demand,  and  Innovation
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Pennsylvania▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a126  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Fang,  Hanming.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Pennsylvania,  2025.
■520    ▼aThe  Patient  Protection  and  Affordable  Care  Act  of  2010  (ACA)  led  to  the  largest  health  insurance  expansion  in  the  U.S.  since  Medicare  and  Medicaid  were  introduced  in  1965.  This  dissertation  studies  the  causal  effects  of  the  ACA  on  pharmaceutical  prices,  demand,  and  innovation  using  a  difference-in-differences  framework  with  continuous  treatment  intensity.  The  identification  strategy  exploits  plausibly  exogenous  variation  in  medical  conditions'  exposure  to  different  ACA  provisions,  arising  from  their  differential  prevalence  across  age  groups.For  pharmaceutical  prices,  I  find  that  the  ACA  non-Medicare  provisions  incentivized  firms  to  increase  prices  for  brand-name  drugs  targeting  medical  conditions  more  prevalent  among  adult  workers  aged  19  to  64.  Specifically,  a  one  standard  deviation  increase  in  exposure  to  these  provisions  would  lead  to  a  0.079  percent  increase  in  brand-name  prices  per  prescription.  While  this  effect  may  seem  modest,  for  the  medical  condition  with  the  highest  exposure  (essential  hypertension),  the  brand-name  price  per  prescription  would  increase  by  1.455  percent.  In  2015,  this  corresponded  to  a  $109.363  increase,  or  85.4  percent  of  the  mean  price  per  prescription  of  $128.061.Conversely,  manufacturers  of  brand-name  drugs  targeting  the  elderly  (aged  65  and  over)  reduced  prices,  likely  to  circumvent  manufacturer  discounts  mandated  by  the  phaseout  of  the  Medicare  Part  D  coverage  gap.  Specifically,  a  one  standard  deviation  increase  in  policy  exposure  would  lead  to  a  0.050  percent  decrease  in  brand-name  prices  per  prescription.  While  this  effect  may  seem  modest,  for  the  medical  condition  with  the  highest  exposure  (essential  hypertension),  the  brand-name  price per  prescription  would  decrease  by  1.012  percent.  In  2015,  this  corresponded  to  a  $76.081  decrease,  or  59.4  percent  of  the  mean  price  per  prescription  of  $128.061.For  pharmaceutical  utilization,  I  find  no  evidence  that  per  capita  prescriptions  responded  to  the  ACA,  suggesting  that  individual  drug  consumption  is  highly  inelastic  to  insurance  coverage.  However,  the  ACA  affected  market  participation  by  reducing  the  number  of  buyers  aged  18  and  under,  particularly  for  medical  conditions  more  prevalent  in  this  group.  Specifically,  a  one  standard  deviation  increase  in  disease  prevalence  among  individuals  aged  18  and  under  would  lead  to  a  0.037  percent  decline  in  total  prescriptions  for  this  group.  While  this  effect  may  seem  modest,  for  the  most  prevalent  condition  in  this  group  (asthma),  the  ACA  would  reduce  their  total  prescriptions  by  0.557  percent.  In  2015,  this  corresponded  to  a  reduction  of  10.009  million  prescriptions,  or  nearly  16  times  the  mean  total  prescriptions  for  this  age  group  (0.636  million  prescriptions).  No  statistically  significant  effects  were  found  on  total  prescriptions  for  adult  workers  aged  19  to  64  or  the  elderly  aged  65  and  over.For  pharmaceutical  innovation,  I  find  that  the  ACA  incentivized  firms  to  reallocate  R&D  budgets  from  medical  conditions  more  prevalent  among  other  age  groups  toward  those  more  common  among  adult  workers  aged  19  to  64.  Within  the  19  to  64  age  range,  I  find  that  the  ACA  non-Medicare  provisions  encouraged  firms  to  shift  R&D  budgets  from  medical  conditions  more  prevalent  among  younger  workers  (aged  19  to  45)  toward  those  more  common  among  older  workers  aged  (46  to  64).  Specifically,  a  one  standard  deviation  increase  in  exposure  to  the  ACA  non-Medicare  provisions  would  lead  to  an  additional  4.614  preclinical  trial  initiations  per  quarter,  approximately  1.4  times  the  mean  of  3.368  trials.  While  this  effect  is  already  economically  significant,  for  the  medical  condition  with  the  highest  exposure  (essential  hypertension),  the  quarterly  preclinical  trial  initiations  would  increase  by  88.087  trials,  approximately  26  times  the  mean  of  3.368  trials.  The  ACA  also  increased  clinical  R&D,  primarily  through  the  continuation  of  "on-the-shelf"  clinical  projects  targeting  the  elderly  (aged  65  and  over),  rather  than  through  increased  preclinical  trial  initiations  targeting  adult  workers  (aged  19  to  64).
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0175.
■650  4▼aAmerican  studies
■650  4▼aPublic  policy
■653    ▼aAffordable  Care  Act  
■653    ▼aPharmaceutical  innovation
■653    ▼aPharmaceutical  prices
■653    ▼aPharmaceutical  utilization
■653    ▼aPolicy  evaluation
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0769
■690    ▼a0323
■690    ▼a0630
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Pennsylvania▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0175
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17356846▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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