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Discovering Carotenoid Biodistribution Pathways: Novel Mechanisms and Their Implications for Health
Discovering Carotenoid Biodistribution Pathways: Novel Mechanisms and Their Implications f...
Discovering Carotenoid Biodistribution Pathways: Novel Mechanisms and Their Implications for Health

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105248
ISBN  
9798291576854
DDC  
574
저자명  
Miller, Anthony Paul.
서명/저자  
Discovering Carotenoid Biodistribution Pathways: Novel Mechanisms and Their Implications for Health
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023
형태사항  
186 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Erdman, John W.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023.
초록/해제  
요약Carotenoids constitute a diverse class of lipids comprising over 1,000 compounds, imparting vibrant yellow to red hues to a range of fruits and vegetables. Dietary intake of carotenoid-rich foods, along with elevated plasma carotenoid levels, has been associated with favorable health outcomes, including a reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. The biological effects of carotenoids are diverse, stemming from their intact molecular structures or as metabolites resulting from carotenoid cleavage. A notable example is lutein, which accumulates in its intact form within the human eye, safeguarding against damage caused by blue light and delaying the onset of age-related macular degeneration. On the other hand, the influence of the pro-vitamin A carotenoid β-carotene, at least on adipose tissue, is wholly dependent on its conversion to vitamin A.The demand for the development of animal models that accurately replicate carotenoid distribution and accumulation observed in humans has increased over the past two decades. While humans efficiently accumulate substantial quantities of carotenoids in plasma and tissues, the prevailing experimental models employed in biomedical research often fail to replicate this phenotype. This inadequacy extends to wild-type mice, the most utilized animal model in biomedical research. Dietary investigations conducted using wild-type mice reveal their inherent tendency to extensively cleave carotenoids, resulting in negligible carotenoid storage even after prolonged exposure to supra-physiological doses. Consequently, wild-type mice do not serve as suitable models for studying the biological impacts of carotenoids in their intact form, nor for exploring the underlying mechanisms governing their tissue distribution. Although alternative animal models such as ferrets or non-human primates exhibit carotenoid metabolism patterns comparable to humans, incorporating these models into mechanistic studies would be hampered by technical and ethical constraints. As a result, certain studies have resorted to cell culture and in vitro models to investigate these mechanisms, despite encountering technical complexities and inherent limitations.Our studies are linked by a common objective: to study novel factors affecting carotenoid metabolism and biodistribution. The research described fills essential knowledge gaps that will enable the design of effective nutritional intervention strategies in the future.In Chapter 2, we aimed to investigate the effects of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide on carotenoid metabolism and distribution in vivo. Fenretinide binds the retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) impairing vitamin A transport to tissues. However, fenretinide also inhibits vitamin A formation in in vitro models by blocking the β-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1), which cleaves β-carotene to vitamin A. In separate experiments, we used mice lacking BCO1 or BCO2, the second enzyme involved in carotenoid cleavage, to isolate the effect of fenretinide on carotenoid cleavage in mice fed β-carotene, as well as carotenoid and vitamin E absorption. Our results show that fenretinide reduces tissue vitamin A stores accompanied by an increase in plasma and tissue β-carotene. We also show that fenretinide regulates intestinal carotenoid and vitamin E uptake by activating vitamin A signaling in the gut, which could result in vitamin A and carotenoid deficiency in patients taking fenretinide.Chapter 3 examines different factors influencing carotenoid absorption and cleavage. For the first time, we administered the fungal carotenoid neurosporaxanthin to animals. Neurosporaxanthin possesses a unique chemical structure: 1) It is relatively polar, containing a carboxylic group, and thanks to its structure, it 2) could form vitamin A. Bioavailability studies showed that neurosporaxanthin exhibits a greater bioavailability in comparison to β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene. We went on to assess the cleavage mechanism of neurosporaxanthin. We performed enzymatic assays with purified BCO1 and BCO2, together with feeding studies in mice to evaluate the potential of neurosporaxanthin as a vitamin A precursor. Our results showed that BCO1 cleaves neurosporaxanthin to form vitamin A, opening new avenues for the development of functional foods containing this compound.Scavenger receptors such as the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) and the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) are believed to have a crucial role in the absorption of carotenoids in the intestine and their uptake by peripheral tissues. While extensive evidence exists for the involvement of SR-B1 in this process, there is a knowledge gap in the role of CD36 in the uptake of carotenoids in vivo. Our findings in Chapter 4 reveal that depletion of CD36 in mice leads to elevated levels of β-carotene in both plasma and tissues, independent of food intake and body weight. Through experiments with FITC-dextran, we discovered that this increase is attributed to a more permeable gastrointestinal barrier in CD36-deficient animals. We also examined carotenoid levels in the plasma of subjects carrying the rs3211938 allele of the CD36 gene, which is associated with approximately 50% reduced CD36 protein levels. Our preliminary data show a trend of higher total plasma carotenoid levels in subjects with lower CD36 expression in comparison to control individuals. Overall, our findings in mice and humans demonstrate that CD36 deficiency leads to an impaired gut barrier, resulting in elevated carotenoid levels in tissues and plasma.The translocation of carotenoids from the liver to peripheral tissues is believed to occur through their mobilization within very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. In plasma, VLDL catabolism leads to the formation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which are largely cleared by the LDL receptor (LDLR) expressed in most tissues and the liver. LDLR is also expressed on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, where it mediates a relatively uncharacterized process named transintestinal cholesterol excretion. The objective of Chapter 5 was to determine the role of LDLR in the uptake and excretion of carotenoids. We examined carotenoid fecal elimination in Bco1-/- and Bco1-/-Ldlr-/- mice fed a Standard diet containing β-carotene. HPLC results showed that fecal and intestinal β-carotene in Bco1-/- mice were 2.5-fold higher than those observed in Bco1-/-Ldlr-/- mice. On the contrary, plasma β-carotene levels were increased in Bco1-/-Ldlr-/- mice while adipose tissue β-carotene levels were decreased compared to Bco1-/- control mice. Overexpression of LDLR in the liver of Bco1-/- mice resulted in increased hepatic β-carotene and decreased peripheral tissue β-carotene levels. This data indicates that LDLR is a bona fide mediator of carotenoid homeostasis in mammals.Studies suggest that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles deliver carotenoids such as lutein to the eye. However, the main role of apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I), the main component of HDL, and HDL is to promote cholesterol efflux from extrahepatic tissues by interacting with the membrane transporters ATP-binding cassettes ABCA1 and ABCG1. In Chapter 6, we conducted studies to investigate if HDL participates in the delivery and efflux of carotenoids from peripheral tissues. We utilized our Bco1-/- mice as a "backbone" to deplete and increase apoA1/HDL levels. Mice with depleted apoA-I/HDL exhibited similar hepatic β-carotene levels compared to Bco1-/- control mice, whereas mice with increased apoA-I/HDL levels showed approximately a 2-fold elevation in hepatic β-carotene levels. Administration of purified human apoA-I resulted in depletion of plasma and adipose tissue β-carotene pools, while simultaneously increasing hepatic β-carotene stores. In cell culture experiments, the presence of purified apoA-I facilitated the efflux of β-carotene from cultured white adipose tissue (WAT) explants. Taken together, this study suggests that HDL plays a dual role in carotenoid delivery and efflux.Our studies delved into various aspects of carotenoid metabolism and biodistribution, yielding valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms governing the absorption, cleavage, transport, and elimination of these compounds. These findings significantly contribute to our fundamental understanding of these processes, establishing a solid groundwork for future investigations in this field.
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
일반주제명  
Nutrition
일반주제명  
Food science
일반주제명  
Health sciences
키워드  
Carotenoids
키워드  
Biodistribution
키워드  
Retinoids
키워드  
Lipids
키워드  
β-carotene oxygenase 1
기타저자  
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Food Science & Human Nutrition
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aMiller,  Anthony  Paul.
■24510▼aDiscovering  Carotenoid  Biodistribution  Pathways:  Novel  Mechanisms  and  Their  Implications  for  Health
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2023
■300    ▼a186  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Erdman,  John  W.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign,  2023.
■520    ▼aCarotenoids  constitute  a  diverse  class  of  lipids  comprising  over  1,000  compounds,  imparting  vibrant  yellow  to  red  hues  to  a  range  of  fruits  and  vegetables.  Dietary  intake  of  carotenoid-rich  foods,  along  with  elevated  plasma  carotenoid  levels,  has  been  associated  with  favorable  health  outcomes,  including  a  reduced  risk  of  cardiometabolic  diseases  and  cancer.  The  biological  effects  of  carotenoids  are  diverse,  stemming  from  their  intact  molecular  structures  or  as  metabolites  resulting  from  carotenoid  cleavage.  A  notable  example  is  lutein,  which  accumulates  in  its  intact  form  within  the  human  eye,  safeguarding  against  damage  caused  by  blue  light  and  delaying  the  onset  of  age-related  macular  degeneration.  On  the  other  hand,  the  influence  of  the  pro-vitamin  A  carotenoid  β-carotene,  at  least  on  adipose  tissue,  is  wholly  dependent  on  its  conversion  to  vitamin  A.The  demand  for  the  development  of  animal  models  that  accurately  replicate  carotenoid  distribution  and  accumulation  observed  in  humans  has  increased  over  the  past  two  decades.  While  humans  efficiently  accumulate  substantial  quantities  of  carotenoids  in  plasma  and  tissues,  the  prevailing  experimental  models  employed  in  biomedical  research  often  fail  to  replicate  this  phenotype.  This  inadequacy  extends  to  wild-type  mice,  the  most  utilized  animal  model  in  biomedical  research.  Dietary  investigations  conducted  using  wild-type  mice  reveal  their  inherent  tendency  to  extensively  cleave  carotenoids,  resulting  in  negligible  carotenoid  storage  even  after  prolonged  exposure  to  supra-physiological  doses.  Consequently,  wild-type  mice  do  not  serve  as  suitable  models  for  studying  the  biological  impacts  of  carotenoids  in  their  intact  form,  nor  for  exploring  the  underlying  mechanisms  governing  their  tissue  distribution.  Although  alternative  animal  models  such  as  ferrets  or  non-human  primates  exhibit  carotenoid  metabolism  patterns  comparable  to  humans,  incorporating  these  models  into  mechanistic  studies  would  be  hampered  by  technical  and  ethical  constraints.  As  a  result,  certain  studies  have  resorted  to  cell  culture  and  in  vitro  models  to  investigate  these  mechanisms,  despite  encountering  technical  complexities  and  inherent  limitations.Our  studies  are  linked  by  a  common  objective:  to  study  novel  factors  affecting  carotenoid  metabolism  and  biodistribution.  The  research  described  fills  essential  knowledge  gaps  that  will  enable  the  design  of  effective  nutritional  intervention  strategies  in  the  future.In  Chapter  2,  we  aimed  to  investigate  the  effects  of  the  synthetic  retinoid  fenretinide  on  carotenoid  metabolism  and  distribution  in  vivo.  Fenretinide  binds  the  retinol-binding  protein  4  (RBP4)  impairing  vitamin  A  transport  to  tissues.  However,  fenretinide  also  inhibits  vitamin  A  formation  in  in  vitro  models  by  blocking  the  β-carotene  oxygenase  1  (BCO1),  which  cleaves  β-carotene  to  vitamin  A.  In  separate  experiments,  we  used  mice  lacking  BCO1  or  BCO2,  the  second  enzyme  involved  in  carotenoid  cleavage,  to  isolate  the  effect  of  fenretinide  on  carotenoid  cleavage  in  mice  fed  β-carotene,  as  well  as  carotenoid  and  vitamin  E  absorption.  Our  results  show  that  fenretinide  reduces  tissue  vitamin  A  stores  accompanied  by  an  increase  in  plasma  and  tissue  β-carotene.  We  also  show  that  fenretinide  regulates  intestinal  carotenoid  and  vitamin  E  uptake  by  activating  vitamin  A  signaling  in  the  gut,  which  could  result  in  vitamin  A  and  carotenoid  deficiency  in  patients  taking  fenretinide.Chapter  3  examines  different  factors  influencing  carotenoid  absorption  and  cleavage.  For  the  first  time,  we  administered  the  fungal  carotenoid  neurosporaxanthin  to  animals.  Neurosporaxanthin  possesses  a  unique  chemical  structure:  1)  It  is  relatively  polar,  containing  a  carboxylic  group,  and  thanks  to  its  structure,  it  2)  could  form  vitamin  A.  Bioavailability  studies  showed  that  neurosporaxanthin  exhibits  a  greater  bioavailability  in  comparison  to  β-cryptoxanthin  and  β-carotene.  We  went  on  to  assess  the  cleavage  mechanism  of  neurosporaxanthin.  We  performed  enzymatic  assays  with  purified  BCO1  and  BCO2,  together  with  feeding  studies  in  mice  to  evaluate  the  potential  of  neurosporaxanthin  as  a  vitamin  A  precursor.  Our  results  showed  that  BCO1  cleaves  neurosporaxanthin  to  form  vitamin  A,  opening  new  avenues  for  the  development  of  functional  foods  containing  this  compound.Scavenger  receptors  such  as  the  scavenger  receptor  class  B  type  1  (SR-B1)  and  the  cluster  of  differentiation  36  (CD36)  are  believed  to  have  a  crucial  role  in  the  absorption  of  carotenoids  in  the  intestine  and  their  uptake  by  peripheral  tissues.  While  extensive  evidence  exists  for  the  involvement  of  SR-B1  in  this  process,  there  is  a  knowledge  gap  in  the  role  of  CD36  in  the  uptake  of  carotenoids  in  vivo.  Our  findings  in  Chapter  4  reveal  that  depletion  of  CD36  in  mice  leads  to  elevated  levels  of  β-carotene  in  both  plasma  and  tissues,  independent  of  food  intake  and  body  weight.  Through  experiments  with  FITC-dextran,  we  discovered  that  this  increase  is  attributed  to  a  more  permeable  gastrointestinal  barrier  in  CD36-deficient  animals.  We  also  examined  carotenoid  levels  in  the  plasma  of  subjects  carrying  the  rs3211938  allele  of  the  CD36  gene,  which  is  associated  with  approximately  50%  reduced  CD36  protein  levels.  Our  preliminary  data  show  a  trend  of  higher  total  plasma  carotenoid  levels  in  subjects  with  lower  CD36  expression  in  comparison  to  control  individuals.  Overall,  our  findings  in  mice  and  humans  demonstrate  that  CD36  deficiency  leads  to  an  impaired  gut  barrier,  resulting  in  elevated  carotenoid  levels  in  tissues  and  plasma.The  translocation  of  carotenoids  from  the  liver  to  peripheral  tissues  is  believed  to  occur  through  their  mobilization  within  very  low-density  lipoprotein  (VLDL)  particles.  In  plasma,  VLDL  catabolism  leads  to  the  formation  of  low-density  lipoproteins  (LDL),  which  are  largely  cleared  by  the  LDL  receptor  (LDLR)  expressed  in  most  tissues  and  the  liver.  LDLR  is  also  expressed  on  the  basolateral  membrane  of  enterocytes,  where  it  mediates  a  relatively  uncharacterized  process  named  transintestinal  cholesterol  excretion.  The  objective  of  Chapter  5  was  to  determine  the  role  of  LDLR  in  the  uptake  and  excretion  of  carotenoids.  We  examined  carotenoid  fecal  elimination  in  Bco1-/-  and  Bco1-/-Ldlr-/-  mice  fed  a  Standard  diet  containing  β-carotene.  HPLC  results  showed  that  fecal  and  intestinal  β-carotene  in  Bco1-/-  mice  were  2.5-fold  higher  than  those  observed  in  Bco1-/-Ldlr-/-  mice.  On  the  contrary,  plasma  β-carotene  levels  were  increased  in  Bco1-/-Ldlr-/-  mice  while  adipose  tissue  β-carotene  levels  were  decreased  compared  to  Bco1-/-  control  mice.  Overexpression  of  LDLR  in  the  liver  of  Bco1-/-  mice  resulted  in  increased  hepatic  β-carotene  and  decreased  peripheral  tissue  β-carotene  levels.  This  data  indicates  that  LDLR  is  a  bona  fide  mediator  of  carotenoid  homeostasis  in  mammals.Studies  suggest  that  high-density  lipoprotein  (HDL)  particles  deliver  carotenoids  such  as  lutein  to  the  eye.  However,  the  main  role  of  apolipoprotein  A1  (apoA-I),  the  main  component  of  HDL,  and  HDL  is  to  promote  cholesterol  efflux  from  extrahepatic  tissues  by  interacting  with  the  membrane  transporters  ATP-binding  cassettes  ABCA1  and  ABCG1.  In  Chapter  6,  we  conducted  studies  to  investigate  if  HDL  participates  in  the  delivery  and  efflux  of  carotenoids  from  peripheral  tissues.  We  utilized  our  Bco1-/-  mice  as  a  "backbone"  to  deplete  and  increase  apoA1/HDL  levels.  Mice  with  depleted  apoA-I/HDL  exhibited  similar  hepatic  β-carotene  levels  compared  to  Bco1-/-  control  mice,  whereas  mice  with  increased  apoA-I/HDL  levels  showed  approximately  a  2-fold  elevation  in  hepatic  β-carotene  levels.  Administration  of  purified  human  apoA-I  resulted  in  depletion  of  plasma  and  adipose  tissue  β-carotene  pools,  while  simultaneously  increasing  hepatic  β-carotene  stores.  In  cell  culture  experiments,  the  presence  of  purified  apoA-I  facilitated  the  efflux  of  β-carotene  from  cultured  white  adipose  tissue  (WAT)  explants.  Taken  together,  this  study  suggests  that  HDL  plays  a  dual  role  in  carotenoid  delivery  and  efflux.Our  studies  delved  into  various  aspects  of  carotenoid  metabolism  and  biodistribution,  yielding  valuable  insights  into  the  intricate  mechanisms  governing  the  absorption,  cleavage,  transport,  and  elimination  of  these  compounds.  These  findings  significantly  contribute  to  our  fundamental  understanding  of  these  processes,  establishing  a  solid  groundwork  for  future  investigations  in  this  field.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0090.
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■650  4▼aNutrition
■650  4▼aFood  science
■650  4▼aHealth  sciences
■653    ▼aCarotenoids
■653    ▼aBiodistribution
■653    ▼aRetinoids
■653    ▼aLipids
■653    ▼aβ-carotene  oxygenase  1
■690    ▼a0570
■690    ▼a0307
■690    ▼a0566
■690    ▼a0359
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼bFood  Science  &  Human  Nutrition.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-03B.
■790    ▼a0090
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359997▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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