본문

서브메뉴

Tradeoffs Between Information, Tractability, and Fairness in Large Matching Markets
Tradeoffs Between Information, Tractability, and Fairness in Large Matching Markets
Tradeoffs Between Information, Tractability, and Fairness in Large Matching Markets

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105257
ISBN  
9798297993853
DDC  
519
저자명  
Vuorinen, Aapeli.
서명/저자  
Tradeoffs Between Information, Tractability, and Fairness in Large Matching Markets
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
202 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Faenza, Yuri.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Matching theory is one of the cornerstones of modern algorithmic market design, and is therefore heavily studied by communities in operations research, economics, and theoretical computer science. Such models arise whenever a central planner is tasked with pairing together agents of two distinct types but cannot use money to clear the market; and where each agent has idiosyncratic preferences over the agents of the other type. Natural applications of matching markets are found in the allocation of indivisible goods such as school assignment, medical residency matching, and the allocation of government subsidized housing.Matching theory and in particular stable matching has seen significant research effort since seminal work by Gale and Shapley algorithmically established the existence of a condition called stability, which guarantees that a matching can be found with the property that no participant is incentivized to deviate from it. Many centralized mechanisms for two-sided matching markets have since been shown to enjoy strong theoretical properties, which ipso facto, justifies their use in the real world.However, due to practical constraints-commonly due to the size and complexity of the market at hand-real world applications often resort to simplified models that do not faithfully capture reality. These simplifications lead to the central planner operating without perfect information about the participants or their preferences.In this thesis, we present three interconnected branches of research exploring tradeoffs between information, tractability, and fairness in large matching markets. We investigate how various limitations on information acquisition and exchange affect the mechanisms, outcomes, and fairness of matching markets.We are motivated by the matching mechanism that assigns students to public schools in New York City. The unified school district-which encompasses all five boroughs- has since 2003 employed the theory of stable matching to perform this assignment, with students as one side of the market and schools as the other. Consisting of over 1.1 million students, the size and diversity of the market presents a massively interesting real-world object of study.In the first chapter, we investigate a model where students are restricted in the length of preference lists that they may submit to the market operator. In particular, we study such random instances of the Serial Dictatorship mechanism where students choose \uD835\uDC51 schools uniformly at random from \uD835\uDC5B schools as their preference list, and each school has exactly one seat. Our main result is that if the students primarily care about being matched to any school of their list (as opposed to ending up unmatched), then all students in position \uD835\uDC56 ≤ \uD835\uDC5B will prefer markets with longer lists when \uD835\uDC5B is large enough, whereas students after some cutoff \uD835\uDC50 \uD835\uDC5B (that quickly approaches \uD835\uDC5B as the list length grows) prefer markets with shorter lists. This suggests that markets that are well-approximated by our hypothesis and where the demand of schools does not exceed supply, should be designed with preference lists as long as reasonable.In the second chapter, we study the impact of systemic bias in school matching by investigating the admissions process to the eight elite public schools (called the Specialized High Schools) in New York City. These schools admit students solely based on their score on a standardized test, but we observe a clear distributional shift in the test scores of disadvantaged students (as defined by the city). To study this shift, we present a stylized model where all students have a true potential (representing their innate ability) sampled independently from the same distribution. While non-disadvantaged students always perform at their true potential, disadvantaged students appear at a perceived potential strictly below their innate ability due to some systemic bias. We investigate both theoretically and empirically the impact of such bias on the admissions process, then turn to studying interventions to counter it. These interventions are in the form of vouchers targeted at certain disadvantaged students, which we assume give that student the resources they need to perform at their true potential. We measure aggregate mistreatment under various metrics, first investigating optimal deterministic voucher distribution, and then turning to randomized voucher distribution. We additionally present extensive numerical experiments both on a real dataset from New York, as well as on simulated data. We then confirm that our results hold under various relaxations to our stylized model, including moderate levels of model misspecification. Our key takeaway is that resources should be targeted at slightly above average performers instead of the absolute top performers.In the third chapter, we take the schools' side. Currently the city allows schools to only specify their preferences using a strict preference list over students. While this leads to a simple algorithm, stable matching models may be extended to allow schools to communicate much more rich preference via choice functions. We discuss the impact of using general choice functions in the offline model of stable matching, establishing that general path-independent and quota-filling choice functions are too large a class to be used in this setting. We propose the class of Kuhn choice functions, that arise as maximum-weight matchings in an auxiliary bipartite graph, as a tractable yet rich subclass. We show that such choice functions are amenable to use in the offline model and possess many desirable properties. We further discuss the hierarchy of choice and approximability of various classes of choice functions. Theoretical proofs are complemented by computational results and a discussion on various practical aspects of using choice functions in stable matching.
일반주제명  
Applied mathematics
키워드  
Differential equations
키워드  
Functional limit theorems
키워드  
Matching theory
키워드  
Stable matching
키워드  
Stochastic processes
기타저자  
Columbia University Operations Research
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

 008260126s2025        us                              c    eng  d
■001000017360056
■00520260202105257
■006m          o    d                
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020    ▼a9798297993853
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32279375
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a519
■1001  ▼aVuorinen,  Aapeli.
■24510▼aTradeoffs  Between  Information,  Tractability,  and  Fairness  in  Large  Matching  Markets
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bColumbia  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a202  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Faenza,  Yuri.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aMatching  theory  is  one  of  the  cornerstones  of  modern  algorithmic  market  design,  and  is  therefore  heavily  studied  by  communities  in  operations  research,  economics,  and  theoretical  computer  science.  Such  models  arise  whenever  a  central  planner  is  tasked  with  pairing  together  agents  of  two  distinct  types  but  cannot  use  money  to  clear  the  market;  and  where  each  agent  has  idiosyncratic  preferences  over  the  agents  of  the  other  type.  Natural  applications  of  matching  markets  are  found  in  the  allocation  of  indivisible  goods  such  as  school  assignment,  medical  residency  matching,  and  the  allocation  of  government  subsidized  housing.Matching  theory  and  in  particular  stable  matching  has  seen  significant  research  effort  since  seminal  work  by  Gale  and  Shapley  algorithmically  established  the  existence  of  a  condition  called  stability,  which  guarantees  that  a  matching  can  be  found  with  the  property  that  no  participant  is  incentivized  to  deviate  from  it.  Many  centralized  mechanisms  for  two-sided  matching  markets  have  since  been  shown  to  enjoy  strong  theoretical  properties,  which  ipso  facto,  justifies  their  use  in  the  real  world.However,  due  to  practical  constraints-commonly  due  to  the  size  and  complexity  of  the  market  at  hand-real  world  applications  often  resort  to  simplified  models  that  do  not  faithfully  capture  reality.  These  simplifications  lead  to  the  central  planner  operating  without  perfect  information  about  the  participants  or  their  preferences.In  this  thesis,  we  present  three  interconnected  branches  of  research  exploring  tradeoffs  between  information,  tractability,  and  fairness  in  large  matching  markets.  We  investigate  how  various  limitations  on  information  acquisition  and  exchange  affect  the  mechanisms,  outcomes,  and  fairness  of  matching  markets.We  are  motivated  by  the  matching  mechanism  that  assigns  students  to  public  schools  in  New  York  City.  The  unified  school  district-which  encompasses  all  five  boroughs-  has  since  2003  employed  the  theory  of  stable  matching  to  perform  this  assignment,  with  students  as  one  side  of  the  market  and  schools  as  the  other.  Consisting  of  over  1.1  million  students,  the  size  and  diversity  of  the  market  presents  a  massively  interesting  real-world  object  of  study.In  the  first  chapter,  we  investigate  a  model  where  students  are  restricted  in  the  length  of  preference  lists  that  they  may  submit  to  the  market  operator.  In  particular,  we  study  such  random  instances  of  the  Serial  Dictatorship  mechanism  where  students  choose  \uD835\uDC51  schools  uniformly  at  random  from  \uD835\uDC5B  schools  as  their  preference  list,  and  each  school  has  exactly  one  seat.  Our  main  result  is  that  if  the  students  primarily  care  about  being  matched  to  any  school  of  their  list  (as  opposed  to  ending  up  unmatched),  then  all  students  in  position  \uD835\uDC56  ≤  \uD835\uDC5B  will  prefer  markets  with  longer  lists  when  \uD835\uDC5B  is  large  enough,  whereas  students  after  some  cutoff  \uD835\uDC50    \uD835\uDC5B  (that  quickly  approaches  \uD835\uDC5B  as  the  list  length  grows)  prefer  markets  with  shorter  lists.  This  suggests  that  markets  that  are  well-approximated  by  our  hypothesis  and  where  the  demand  of  schools  does  not  exceed  supply,  should  be  designed  with  preference  lists  as  long  as  reasonable.In  the  second  chapter,  we  study  the  impact  of  systemic  bias  in  school  matching  by  investigating  the  admissions  process  to  the  eight  elite  public  schools  (called  the  Specialized  High  Schools)  in  New  York  City.  These  schools  admit  students  solely  based  on  their  score  on  a  standardized  test,  but  we  observe  a  clear  distributional  shift  in  the  test  scores  of  disadvantaged  students  (as  defined  by  the  city).  To  study  this  shift,  we  present  a  stylized  model  where  all  students  have  a  true  potential  (representing  their  innate  ability)  sampled  independently  from  the  same  distribution.  While  non-disadvantaged  students  always  perform  at  their  true  potential,  disadvantaged  students  appear  at  a  perceived  potential  strictly  below  their  innate  ability  due  to  some  systemic  bias.  We  investigate  both  theoretically  and  empirically  the  impact  of  such  bias  on  the  admissions  process,  then  turn  to  studying  interventions  to  counter  it.  These  interventions  are  in  the  form  of  vouchers  targeted  at  certain  disadvantaged  students,  which  we  assume  give  that  student  the  resources  they  need  to  perform  at  their  true  potential.  We  measure  aggregate  mistreatment  under  various  metrics,  first  investigating  optimal  deterministic  voucher  distribution,  and  then  turning  to  randomized  voucher  distribution.  We  additionally  present  extensive  numerical  experiments  both  on  a  real  dataset  from  New  York,  as  well  as  on  simulated  data.  We  then  confirm  that  our  results  hold  under  various  relaxations  to  our  stylized  model,  including  moderate  levels  of  model  misspecification.  Our  key  takeaway  is  that  resources  should  be  targeted  at  slightly  above  average  performers  instead  of  the  absolute  top  performers.In  the  third  chapter,  we  take  the  schools'  side.  Currently  the  city  allows  schools  to  only  specify  their  preferences  using  a  strict  preference  list  over  students.  While  this  leads  to  a  simple  algorithm,  stable  matching  models  may  be  extended  to  allow  schools  to  communicate  much  more  rich  preference  via  choice  functions.  We  discuss  the  impact  of  using  general  choice  functions  in  the  offline  model  of  stable  matching,  establishing  that  general  path-independent  and  quota-filling  choice  functions  are  too  large  a  class  to  be  used  in  this  setting.  We  propose  the  class  of  Kuhn  choice  functions,  that  arise  as  maximum-weight  matchings  in  an  auxiliary  bipartite  graph,  as  a  tractable  yet  rich  subclass.  We  show  that  such  choice  functions  are  amenable  to  use  in  the  offline  model  and  possess  many  desirable  properties.  We  further  discuss  the  hierarchy  of  choice  and  approximability  of  various  classes  of  choice  functions.  Theoretical  proofs  are  complemented  by  computational  results  and  a  discussion  on  various  practical  aspects  of  using  choice  functions  in  stable  matching.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aApplied  mathematics
■653    ▼aDifferential  equations
■653    ▼aFunctional  limit  theorems
■653    ▼aMatching  theory
■653    ▼aStable  matching
■653    ▼aStochastic  processes
■690    ▼a0796
■690    ▼a0364
■690    ▼a0501
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bOperations  Research.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-05B.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17360056▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

미리보기

내보내기

chatGPT토론

Ai 추천 관련 도서


    신착도서 더보기
    최근 3년간 통계입니다.

    소장정보

    • 예약
    • 소재불명신고
    • 나의폴더
    • 우선정리요청
    • 비도서대출신청
    • 야간 도서대출신청
    소장자료
    등록번호 청구기호 소장처 대출가능여부 대출정보
    TF18782 전자도서 대출가능 마이폴더 부재도서신고 비도서대출신청 야간 도서대출신청

    * 대출중인 자료에 한하여 예약이 가능합니다. 예약을 원하시면 예약버튼을 클릭하십시오.

    해당 도서를 다른 이용자가 함께 대출한 도서

    관련 인기도서

    로그인 후 이용 가능합니다.