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Reducing Phytotoxic Effects in Engineered Pine Wood Substrates Through Aging and Preconditioning Treatments
Reducing Phytotoxic Effects in Engineered Pine Wood Substrates Through Aging and Precondit...
Reducing Phytotoxic Effects in Engineered Pine Wood Substrates Through Aging and Preconditioning Treatments

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105630
ISBN  
9798297621220
DDC  
000
저자명  
Bobo, Jackson Gregory.
서명/저자  
Reducing Phytotoxic Effects in Engineered Pine Wood Substrates Through Aging and Preconditioning Treatments
발행사항  
[Sl] : North Carolina State University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
253 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Jackson, Brian E.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약As demand grows for alternatives to peat in soilless culture, wood-based substrates have emerged as viable options. However, fresh hammer-milled processed tree substrate (PTS), can exhibit phytotoxicity due to naturally occurring chemical compounds within wood. This dissertation investigates the nature, origin, and mitigation of phytotoxic compounds in hammermilled wood substrates of differing coniferous tree species with the goal of improving their utility in greenhouse and nursery crop production.The research focused on three primary areas: (1) identifying and reducing phytotoxic effects in fresh loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) tree substrate, (2) evaluating preplant additive strategies for detoxification, and (3) determining species variability in wood phytotoxicity among five common western U.S. conifers and their suitability for substrate usage.Plant growth trials using wood substrates with and without peat and bioassays incorporating wood leachate extracts were employed to assess the severity and reduction of phytotoxicity over time of aging. Initial trials showed that fresh PTS strongly inhibited seed germination and plant growth, consistent with literature suggesting the presence of allelopathic compounds such as resin acids, phenolics, and fatty acids. These compounds are natural defense agents in wood that can be either water-soluble or volatile and may interfere with plant cellular processes. To mitigate toxicity, four preplant additives were tested for their efficacy in neutralizing harmful compounds: activated carbon, activated alumina, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and ammonium carbonate. Among these, activated carbon at 8.9 g·L⁻¹ was highly effective. It significantly improved seed germination and plant biomass accumulation across all tested species and methods, including sand culture and leachate-based germination trials. In contrast, activated alumina and PVP had minimal or no effect at tested rates, while ammonium carbonate proved detrimental at all levels of application.To evaluate phytotoxicity across species, substrates were produced from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), white fir (Abies concolor), Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii) and California incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens). While all exhibited some phytotoxic potential, the degree varied notably by species, suggesting that phytotoxic extractive chemistry and concentration are species-specific. This highlights opportunities for strategic species selection in future substrate development. However, phytotoxicity in each wood species decreased over time as PTS was aged seven weeks after processing.Another major focus of this work was the role of substrate aging. Fresh PTS harvested, milled, and aged in both summer and winter seasons exhibited variable phytotoxicity over time. Three-month aging trials revealed a significant decline in toxicity over time, supporting the hypothesis that microbial degradation and volatilization of extractives reduce phytotoxicity naturally. This finding reinforces aging as a viable remediation strategy in the absence of high-temperature processing methods like common commercial wood substrate manufacturing methods (i.e. disc refining or screw extruding). Phenolic acids, resin acids, and free fatty acids were measured over 12 weeks of aging in both winter and summer processed wood substrates. These chemicals were hypothesized to negatively affect plant growth and development; however, their concentrations did not decrease over time, suggesting that other broad chemical groups such as volatile organic compounds and organic acids are also attributing to phytotoxicity. It is likely that physical wood processing techniques that incorporate heat and/or pre-soaking steps reduce these compounds during manufacturing. In conclusion, this dissertation advances the understanding of phytotoxicity in wood-based substrates and outlines practical, science-based strategies to mitigate it. Activated carbon and aging seem to be the most effective methods for reducing toxicity in fresh hammer-milled pine substrates. These insights contribute directly to the advancement of sustainable horticultural practices and the development of renewable substrate solutions for global growing media markets.
일반주제명  
Bioassays
일반주제명  
Volatile organic compounds--VOCs
일반주제명  
Allelopathy
일반주제명  
Pollutants
일반주제명  
Flowers & plants
일반주제명  
Forestry
일반주제명  
Alumina
일반주제명  
Winter
일반주제명  
Horticulture
일반주제명  
Summer
일반주제명  
Activated carbon
일반주제명  
Nitrogen
일반주제명  
Wood products
일반주제명  
Phytotoxicity
일반주제명  
Additives
일반주제명  
Fertilizers
일반주제명  
Seeds
일반주제명  
Trees
일반주제명  
Chemicals
일반주제명  
Phenols
일반주제명  
Plant growth
일반주제명  
Leachates
일반주제명  
Harvest
키워드  
Processed tree substrate
키워드  
Phytotoxic effects
기타저자  
North Carolina State University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■020    ▼a9798297621220
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32331484
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
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■1001  ▼aBobo,  Jackson  Gregory.
■24510▼aReducing  Phytotoxic  Effects  in  Engineered  Pine  Wood  Substrates  Through  Aging  and  Preconditioning  Treatments
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bNorth  Carolina  State  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a253  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Jackson,  Brian  E.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--North  Carolina  State  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aAs  demand  grows  for  alternatives  to  peat  in  soilless  culture,  wood-based  substrates  have  emerged  as  viable  options.  However,  fresh  hammer-milled  processed  tree  substrate  (PTS),  can  exhibit  phytotoxicity  due  to  naturally  occurring  chemical  compounds  within  wood.  This  dissertation  investigates  the  nature,  origin,  and  mitigation  of  phytotoxic  compounds  in  hammermilled  wood  substrates  of  differing  coniferous  tree  species  with  the  goal  of  improving  their  utility  in  greenhouse  and  nursery  crop  production.The  research  focused  on  three  primary  areas:  (1)  identifying  and  reducing  phytotoxic  effects  in  fresh  loblolly  pine  (Pinus  taeda)  tree  substrate,  (2)  evaluating  preplant  additive  strategies  for  detoxification,  and  (3)  determining  species  variability  in  wood  phytotoxicity  among  five  common  western  U.S.  conifers  and  their  suitability  for  substrate  usage.Plant  growth  trials  using  wood  substrates  with  and  without  peat  and  bioassays  incorporating  wood  leachate  extracts  were  employed  to  assess  the  severity  and  reduction  of  phytotoxicity  over  time  of  aging.  Initial  trials  showed  that  fresh  PTS  strongly  inhibited  seed  germination  and  plant  growth,  consistent  with  literature  suggesting  the  presence  of  allelopathic  compounds  such  as  resin  acids,  phenolics,  and  fatty  acids.  These  compounds  are  natural  defense  agents  in  wood  that  can  be  either  water-soluble  or  volatile  and  may  interfere  with  plant  cellular  processes.  To  mitigate  toxicity,  four  preplant  additives  were  tested  for  their  efficacy  in  neutralizing  harmful  compounds:  activated  carbon,  activated  alumina,  polyvinylpyrrolidone  (PVP),  and  ammonium  carbonate.  Among  these,  activated  carbon  at  8.9  g·L⁻¹  was  highly  effective.  It  significantly  improved  seed  germination  and  plant  biomass  accumulation  across  all  tested  species  and methods,  including  sand  culture  and  leachate-based  germination  trials.  In  contrast,  activated  alumina  and  PVP  had  minimal  or  no  effect  at  tested  rates,  while  ammonium  carbonate  proved  detrimental  at  all  levels  of  application.To  evaluate  phytotoxicity  across  species,  substrates  were  produced  from  ponderosa  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa),  sugar  pine  (Pinus  lambertiana),  white  fir  (Abies  concolor),  Douglas  fir  (Psuedotsuga  menziesii)  and  California  incense  cedar  (Calocedrus  decurrens).  While  all  exhibited  some  phytotoxic  potential,  the  degree  varied  notably  by  species,  suggesting  that  phytotoxic  extractive  chemistry  and  concentration  are  species-specific.  This  highlights  opportunities  for  strategic  species  selection  in  future  substrate  development.  However,  phytotoxicity  in  each  wood  species  decreased  over  time  as  PTS  was  aged  seven  weeks  after  processing.Another  major  focus  of  this  work  was  the  role  of  substrate  aging.  Fresh  PTS  harvested,  milled,  and  aged  in  both  summer  and  winter  seasons  exhibited  variable  phytotoxicity  over  time.  Three-month  aging  trials  revealed  a  significant  decline  in  toxicity  over  time,  supporting  the  hypothesis  that  microbial  degradation  and  volatilization  of  extractives  reduce  phytotoxicity  naturally.  This  finding  reinforces  aging  as  a  viable  remediation  strategy  in  the  absence  of  high-temperature  processing  methods  like  common  commercial  wood  substrate  manufacturing  methods  (i.e.  disc  refining  or  screw  extruding). Phenolic  acids,  resin  acids,  and  free  fatty  acids  were  measured  over  12  weeks  of  aging  in  both  winter  and  summer  processed  wood  substrates.  These  chemicals  were  hypothesized  to  negatively  affect  plant  growth  and  development;  however,  their  concentrations  did  not  decrease  over  time,  suggesting  that  other  broad  chemical  groups  such  as  volatile  organic  compounds  and  organic acids  are  also  attributing  to  phytotoxicity.  It  is  likely  that  physical  wood  processing  techniques  that  incorporate  heat  and/or  pre-soaking  steps  reduce  these  compounds  during  manufacturing.  In  conclusion,  this  dissertation  advances  the  understanding  of  phytotoxicity  in  wood-based  substrates  and  outlines  practical,  science-based  strategies  to  mitigate  it.  Activated  carbon  and  aging  seem  to  be  the  most  effective  methods  for  reducing  toxicity  in  fresh  hammer-milled  pine  substrates.  These  insights  contribute  directly  to  the  advancement  of  sustainable  horticultural  practices  and  the  development  of  renewable  substrate  solutions  for  global  growing  media  markets.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0155.
■650  4▼aBioassays
■650  4▼aVolatile  organic  compounds--VOCs
■650  4▼aAllelopathy
■650  4▼aPollutants
■650  4▼aFlowers  &  plants
■650  4▼aForestry
■650  4▼aAlumina
■650  4▼aWinter
■650  4▼aHorticulture
■650  4▼aSummer
■650  4▼aActivated  carbon
■650  4▼aNitrogen
■650  4▼aWood  products
■650  4▼aPhytotoxicity
■650  4▼aAdditives
■650  4▼aFertilizers
■650  4▼aSeeds
■650  4▼aTrees
■650  4▼aChemicals
■650  4▼aPhenols
■650  4▼aPlant  growth
■650  4▼aLeachates
■650  4▼aHarvest
■653    ▼aProcessed  tree  substrate
■653    ▼aPhytotoxic  effects
■690    ▼a0471
■690    ▼a0478
■71020▼aNorth  Carolina  State  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-04B.
■790    ▼a0155
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17360863▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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