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Pullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventions for Extended Lay
Pullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventions for Extended Lay
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202105631
- ISBN
- 9798297633643
- DDC
- 636
- 서명/저자
- Pullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventions for Extended Lay
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : North Carolina State University, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 220 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Anderson, Kenneth E.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약The United States egg industry is going through changes in consumer perception, preference, and production housing environments from battery cages to cage-free housing environments. Second, through improvement in layer genetics by commercial breeding companies, the modern layer can produce on average 300 eggs per year, compared to 150 in the early 1900s. And thirdly, disruptions in the supply systems with the current highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak has led producers to increase egg production of hens by utilizing a period of extended lay. However, as hen's age, egg quality characteristics decline. Consequently, producers have explored several nutritional and feeding strategies to improve egg quality in extended lay commercial hens. This dissertation consists of four projects, the first two, focusing on housing environments and genetic strain effects on pullet growth and layer development. The final two focus on nutritional modifications for improving extended lay. The first study examined housing effects on pullet growth and bone development comparing nine commercially available strains of laying hens. Birds were observed from day of hatch to sixteen weeks, with biweekly evaluation of body weight and feed consumption. Tibia and keel bones were evaluated for structure and damage. To reduce error to genetic differences, white and brown strains were analyzed separately. Caged birds reached a larger body weight, whereas cage-free consumed more feed to supplement the increase in mobility. This difference was enhanced in brown strains, having higher levels of both responses. In addition, white strains noted improvement in tibia strength, elasticity, and ash when in a cage-free environment. The second study evaluated the egg quality of Hy-Line W36 hens housed in a cage-free aviary versus caged housing environment within a commercial setting with approximately seventy thousand birds. Birds were evaluated at 22, 32, 52, and 82 weeks of age. Egg quality parameters and plasma estrogen levels were evaluated to determine reproductive efficiency. Egg quality declined with age, which was anticipated. Unsellable eggs (checks, toe-picks, meat, and blood spots) were significantly more prevalent in the aviary system. Caged hens laid larger eggs with an increased yolk percentage as compared to eggs from the aviary environment, but both housing times noted an increase in yolk percentage with age. The third (digestibility) and fourth (production) study evaluated the use of sodium bicarbonate and phytase, to improve late-stage production. Diets consisted of control, 0.25% NaHCO3, 0.5% NaHCO3, 0.04% phytase, and 0.04% phytase with additional available phosphorus. In the digestibility trial, 78 Hy-Line W36 hens were randomly assigned to the 5 dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 4 weeks with each hen individually housed in conventional battery cages. At week 4, diets were supplemented with 0.5% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker for comparison. Feed and ileal samples were collected, dried, and analyzed for proximate composition to determine nutrient absorption and digestibility. There were no significant differences in growth or egg production between the housing environments over the course of the study. Ileal sodium retention was significantly higher in sodium bicarbonate supplemented diets, while manganese absorption was reduced in the phytase supplemented diet only. There was no significant difference in fat, protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, or potassium digestibility between treatments. In the production trial, 600 birds were housed in cages and randomly assigned to the 5 dietary treatments fed adlibitum from 73 weeks to 101 weeks of age. Production parameters (body weights, feed intake, and egg quality parameters) were assessed every four weeks. Sodium bicarbonate at both inclusion rates (0.25 and 0.5%) improved shell strength and elasticity, and dietary phytase at 0.04% with additional available phosphorus at 0.5% noted larger yolk percentage, leading to heavier eggs by 101weeks.
- 일반주제명
- Animal sciences
- 키워드
- Egg quality
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■00520260202105631
■006m o d
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■020 ▼a9798297633643
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32331771
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a636
■1001 ▼aO'Lear Reid, Taylor Kaitlyn.
■24510▼aPullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventions for Extended Lay
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bNorth Carolina State University▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a220 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Anderson, Kenneth E.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University, 2025.
■520 ▼aThe United States egg industry is going through changes in consumer perception, preference, and production housing environments from battery cages to cage-free housing environments. Second, through improvement in layer genetics by commercial breeding companies, the modern layer can produce on average 300 eggs per year, compared to 150 in the early 1900s. And thirdly, disruptions in the supply systems with the current highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak has led producers to increase egg production of hens by utilizing a period of extended lay. However, as hen's age, egg quality characteristics decline. Consequently, producers have explored several nutritional and feeding strategies to improve egg quality in extended lay commercial hens. This dissertation consists of four projects, the first two, focusing on housing environments and genetic strain effects on pullet growth and layer development. The final two focus on nutritional modifications for improving extended lay. The first study examined housing effects on pullet growth and bone development comparing nine commercially available strains of laying hens. Birds were observed from day of hatch to sixteen weeks, with biweekly evaluation of body weight and feed consumption. Tibia and keel bones were evaluated for structure and damage. To reduce error to genetic differences, white and brown strains were analyzed separately. Caged birds reached a larger body weight, whereas cage-free consumed more feed to supplement the increase in mobility. This difference was enhanced in brown strains, having higher levels of both responses. In addition, white strains noted improvement in tibia strength, elasticity, and ash when in a cage-free environment. The second study evaluated the egg quality of Hy-Line W36 hens housed in a cage-free aviary versus caged housing environment within a commercial setting with approximately seventy thousand birds. Birds were evaluated at 22, 32, 52, and 82 weeks of age. Egg quality parameters and plasma estrogen levels were evaluated to determine reproductive efficiency. Egg quality declined with age, which was anticipated. Unsellable eggs (checks, toe-picks, meat, and blood spots) were significantly more prevalent in the aviary system. Caged hens laid larger eggs with an increased yolk percentage as compared to eggs from the aviary environment, but both housing times noted an increase in yolk percentage with age. The third (digestibility) and fourth (production) study evaluated the use of sodium bicarbonate and phytase, to improve late-stage production. Diets consisted of control, 0.25% NaHCO3, 0.5% NaHCO3, 0.04% phytase, and 0.04% phytase with additional available phosphorus. In the digestibility trial, 78 Hy-Line W36 hens were randomly assigned to the 5 dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 4 weeks with each hen individually housed in conventional battery cages. At week 4, diets were supplemented with 0.5% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker for comparison. Feed and ileal samples were collected, dried, and analyzed for proximate composition to determine nutrient absorption and digestibility. There were no significant differences in growth or egg production between the housing environments over the course of the study. Ileal sodium retention was significantly higher in sodium bicarbonate supplemented diets, while manganese absorption was reduced in the phytase supplemented diet only. There was no significant difference in fat, protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, or potassium digestibility between treatments. In the production trial, 600 birds were housed in cages and randomly assigned to the 5 dietary treatments fed adlibitum from 73 weeks to 101 weeks of age. Production parameters (body weights, feed intake, and egg quality parameters) were assessed every four weeks. Sodium bicarbonate at both inclusion rates (0.25 and 0.5%) improved shell strength and elasticity, and dietary phytase at 0.04% with additional available phosphorus at 0.5% noted larger yolk percentage, leading to heavier eggs by 101weeks.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0155.
■650 4▼aAnimal sciences
■653 ▼aHousing environments
■653 ▼aEgg quality
■653 ▼aBreeding companies
■690 ▼a0475
■690 ▼a0778
■71020▼aNorth Carolina State University.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-04B.
■790 ▼a0155
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17360875▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


