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Pullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventions for Extended Lay
Pullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventi...
Pullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventions for Extended Lay

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105631
ISBN  
9798297633643
DDC  
636
저자명  
O'Lear Reid, Taylor Kaitlyn.
서명/저자  
Pullet and Laying Hen Performance in Different Housing Environments and Dietary Interventions for Extended Lay
발행사항  
[Sl] : North Carolina State University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
220 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Anderson, Kenneth E.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약The United States egg industry is going through changes in consumer perception, preference, and production housing environments from battery cages to cage-free housing environments. Second, through improvement in layer genetics by commercial breeding companies, the modern layer can produce on average 300 eggs per year, compared to 150 in the early 1900s. And thirdly, disruptions in the supply systems with the current highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak has led producers to increase egg production of hens by utilizing a period of extended lay. However, as hen's age, egg quality characteristics decline. Consequently, producers have explored several nutritional and feeding strategies to improve egg quality in extended lay commercial hens. This dissertation consists of four projects, the first two, focusing on housing environments and genetic strain effects on pullet growth and layer development. The final two focus on nutritional modifications for improving extended lay. The first study examined housing effects on pullet growth and bone development comparing nine commercially available strains of laying hens. Birds were observed from day of hatch to sixteen weeks, with biweekly evaluation of body weight and feed consumption. Tibia and keel bones were evaluated for structure and damage. To reduce error to genetic differences, white and brown strains were analyzed separately. Caged birds reached a larger body weight, whereas cage-free consumed more feed to supplement the increase in mobility. This difference was enhanced in brown strains, having higher levels of both responses. In addition, white strains noted improvement in tibia strength, elasticity, and ash when in a cage-free environment. The second study evaluated the egg quality of Hy-Line W36 hens housed in a cage-free aviary versus caged housing environment within a commercial setting with approximately seventy thousand birds. Birds were evaluated at 22, 32, 52, and 82 weeks of age. Egg quality parameters and plasma estrogen levels were evaluated to determine reproductive efficiency. Egg quality declined with age, which was anticipated. Unsellable eggs (checks, toe-picks, meat, and blood spots) were significantly more prevalent in the aviary system. Caged hens laid larger eggs with an increased yolk percentage as compared to eggs from the aviary environment, but both housing times noted an increase in yolk percentage with age. The third (digestibility) and fourth (production) study evaluated the use of sodium bicarbonate and phytase, to improve late-stage production. Diets consisted of control, 0.25% NaHCO3, 0.5% NaHCO3, 0.04% phytase, and 0.04% phytase with additional available phosphorus. In the digestibility trial, 78 Hy-Line W36 hens were randomly assigned to the 5 dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 4 weeks with each hen individually housed in conventional battery cages. At week 4, diets were supplemented with 0.5% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker for comparison. Feed and ileal samples were collected, dried, and analyzed for proximate composition to determine nutrient absorption and digestibility. There were no significant differences in growth or egg production between the housing environments over the course of the study. Ileal sodium retention was significantly higher in sodium bicarbonate supplemented diets, while manganese absorption was reduced in the phytase supplemented diet only. There was no significant difference in fat, protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, or potassium digestibility between treatments. In the production trial, 600 birds were housed in cages and randomly assigned to the 5 dietary treatments fed adlibitum from 73 weeks to 101 weeks of age. Production parameters (body weights, feed intake, and egg quality parameters) were assessed every four weeks. Sodium bicarbonate at both inclusion rates (0.25 and 0.5%) improved shell strength and elasticity, and dietary phytase at 0.04% with additional available phosphorus at 0.5% noted larger yolk percentage, leading to heavier eggs by 101weeks. 
일반주제명  
Animal sciences
키워드  
Housing environments
키워드  
Egg quality
키워드  
Breeding companies
기타저자  
North Carolina State University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aO'Lear  Reid,  Taylor    Kaitlyn.
■24510▼aPullet  and  Laying  Hen  Performance  in  Different  Housing  Environments  and  Dietary  Interventions  for  Extended  Lay
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bNorth  Carolina  State  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a220  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Anderson,  Kenneth  E.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--North  Carolina  State  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThe  United  States  egg  industry  is  going  through  changes  in  consumer  perception,  preference,  and  production  housing  environments  from  battery  cages  to  cage-free  housing  environments.  Second,  through  improvement  in  layer  genetics  by  commercial  breeding  companies,  the  modern  layer  can  produce  on  average  300  eggs  per  year,  compared  to  150  in  the  early  1900s.  And  thirdly,  disruptions  in  the  supply  systems  with  the  current  highly  pathogenic  avian  influenza  outbreak  has  led  producers  to  increase  egg  production  of  hens  by  utilizing  a  period  of  extended  lay.  However,  as  hen's  age,  egg  quality  characteristics  decline.  Consequently,  producers  have  explored  several  nutritional  and  feeding  strategies  to  improve  egg  quality  in  extended  lay  commercial  hens.  This  dissertation  consists  of  four  projects,  the  first  two,  focusing  on  housing  environments  and  genetic  strain  effects  on  pullet  growth  and  layer  development.  The  final  two  focus  on  nutritional  modifications  for  improving  extended  lay.  The  first  study  examined  housing  effects  on  pullet  growth  and  bone  development  comparing  nine  commercially  available  strains  of  laying  hens.  Birds  were  observed  from  day  of  hatch  to  sixteen  weeks,  with  biweekly  evaluation  of  body  weight  and  feed  consumption.  Tibia  and  keel  bones  were  evaluated  for  structure  and  damage.  To  reduce  error  to  genetic  differences,  white  and  brown  strains  were  analyzed  separately.  Caged  birds  reached  a  larger  body  weight,  whereas  cage-free  consumed  more  feed  to  supplement  the  increase  in  mobility.  This  difference  was  enhanced  in  brown  strains,  having  higher  levels  of  both  responses.  In  addition,  white  strains  noted  improvement  in  tibia  strength,  elasticity,  and  ash  when  in  a  cage-free  environment.  The  second  study  evaluated  the  egg  quality  of  Hy-Line  W36  hens  housed  in  a  cage-free  aviary  versus  caged  housing environment  within  a  commercial  setting  with  approximately  seventy  thousand  birds.  Birds  were  evaluated  at  22,  32,  52,  and  82  weeks  of  age.  Egg  quality  parameters  and  plasma  estrogen  levels  were  evaluated  to  determine  reproductive  efficiency.  Egg  quality  declined  with  age,  which  was  anticipated.  Unsellable  eggs  (checks,  toe-picks,  meat,  and  blood  spots)  were  significantly  more  prevalent  in  the  aviary  system.  Caged  hens  laid  larger  eggs  with  an  increased  yolk  percentage  as  compared  to  eggs  from  the  aviary  environment,  but  both  housing  times  noted  an  increase  in  yolk  percentage  with  age.  The  third  (digestibility)  and  fourth  (production)  study  evaluated  the  use  of  sodium  bicarbonate  and  phytase,  to  improve  late-stage  production.  Diets  consisted  of  control,  0.25%  NaHCO3,  0.5%  NaHCO3,  0.04%  phytase,  and  0.04%  phytase  with  additional  available  phosphorus.  In  the  digestibility  trial,  78  Hy-Line  W36  hens  were  randomly  assigned  to  the  5  dietary  treatments  and  fed  ad  libitum  for  4  weeks  with  each  hen  individually  housed  in  conventional  battery  cages.  At  week  4,  diets  were  supplemented  with  0.5%  titanium  dioxide  as  an  indigestible  marker  for  comparison.  Feed  and  ileal  samples  were  collected,  dried,  and  analyzed  for  proximate  composition  to  determine  nutrient  absorption  and  digestibility.  There  were  no  significant  differences  in  growth  or  egg  production  between  the  housing  environments  over  the  course  of  the  study.  Ileal  sodium  retention  was  significantly  higher  in  sodium  bicarbonate  supplemented  diets,  while  manganese  absorption  was  reduced  in  the  phytase  supplemented  diet  only.  There  was  no  significant  difference  in  fat,  protein,  calcium,  phosphorus,  zinc,  magnesium,  or  potassium  digestibility  between  treatments.  In  the  production  trial,  600  birds  were  housed  in  cages  and  randomly  assigned  to  the  5  dietary  treatments  fed  adlibitum  from  73  weeks  to  101  weeks  of  age.  Production  parameters  (body  weights,  feed  intake,  and  egg  quality  parameters)  were  assessed  every  four  weeks.  Sodium  bicarbonate  at  both  inclusion  rates  (0.25 and  0.5%)  improved  shell  strength  and  elasticity,  and  dietary  phytase  at  0.04%  with  additional  available  phosphorus  at  0.5%  noted  larger  yolk  percentage,  leading  to  heavier  eggs  by  101weeks. 
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0155.
■650  4▼aAnimal  sciences
■653    ▼aHousing  environments
■653    ▼aEgg  quality
■653    ▼aBreeding  companies
■690    ▼a0475
■690    ▼a0778
■71020▼aNorth  Carolina  State  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-04B.
■790    ▼a0155
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17360875▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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