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Computational Methods for Organizational Health Literacy: Risks, Opportunities, and Future Directions
Computational Methods for Organizational Health Literacy: Risks, Opportunities, and Future...
Computational Methods for Organizational Health Literacy: Risks, Opportunities, and Future Directions

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103545
ISBN  
9798280717107
DDC  
614
저자명  
Mendez, Samuel R.
서명/저자  
Computational Methods for Organizational Health Literacy: Risks, Opportunities, and Future Directions
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
137 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Emmons, Karen M.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약IntroductionHealth literacy emerged as a field of research and practice in the late 20th century, initially emphasizing individual capacity to obtain, process, and understand health information. Over time, the field expanded to focus on organizations' capacity to provide clear, accessible health information, i.e. organizational health literacy. This shift in focus led to the development of tools to support organizational health literacy, such as the CDC Clear Communication Index. By helping organizations reduce the burden their communication materials place on target audiences, tools like the CDC Clear Communication Index can play a vital role in addressing today's pressing public health issues of mistrust and misinformation. However, there are significant gaps in knowledge about how these tools have been used so far and how they might interact with computational methods better suited for high-volume communication online than traditional manual scoring practices.This dissertation focused on the CDC Clear Communication Index, describing its use in research and experimenting with computational methods to apply it at scale. We chose the CDC Clear Communication Index due to its potential for impact at scale online. It is composed of 20 binary items, resulting in a percentage score. It is structured to suit a wide variety of media formats, message topics, and message lengths. It encompasses a holistic set of evidence-based communication guidelines, covering core message components, behavioral recommendations, use of numbers, and discussions of risk.This dissertation focuses on two key types of computational methods often referred to as "artificial intelligence" (AI) applications. The first is supervised machine learning, in which a particular training algorithm is used to identify patterns in labeled data useful for predicting labels on new data. The second is generative AI, leveraging large language models to generate content based on text inputs.MethodsThis dissertation includes three separate studies examining the potential of the CDC Clear Communication Index through distinct methods.Chapter 1 uses a scoping review methodology to describe the use of the Index as an assessment tool in descriptive research. Primary data analysis focused on study design. Secondary data analysis focused on reporting of results and methods.Chapter 2 introduces the 4-Factor Framework to Assess the Suitability of AI in Health Communication. We demonstrate its utility through a hypothetical use case: a US federal health agency assessing the suitability of open-source academic machine learning models to rate public health social media posts according to guidelines from the CDC Clear Communication Index. We trained 8 bag-of-words models and fine-tuned 8 BERT models to predict expert raters' labels of social media posts, based on a training dataset of US state health agencies' pandemic social media posts. We used qualitative process document review and quantitative analysis of the training data to assess models' explainability. We used qualitative process document review and qualitative analysis of model outputs to assess flexibility. We used a mix of quantitative metrics to describe models' performance in accurately predicting the labels that trained human raters assigned to social media posts. We used concise comparative summaries to identify words that differentiated social media posts that received the most incorrect model predictions from those that models performed perfectly on.Chapter 3 examines the performance of ChatGPT in applying binary items from the CDC Clear Communication Index to social media posts. We compare the results of prompt engineering between front-end user and back-end developer perspectives. To do so, we used 12 different prompting styles, varying in framing and length, to apply binary Index items to a test dataset of 27 social media posts. Using F1 and MCC as performance metrics, we compared each prompting style's performance in accurately predicting labels from expert raters. We used these metrics to identify the optimal prompting style for each item and the overall best performing style across all items, from each stakeholder perspective. We then compared the performance of different model versions of ChatGPT on the same tasks using a validation dataset of 260 social media posts, using the optimal prompt styles we identified during prompt engineering from the back-end developer perspective.ResultsOur scoping review in Chapter 1 identified a wide breadth of research contexts in which the CDC Clear Communication Index has been applied. However, we also uncovered major gaps in study design and reporting. Despite largely employing purposive samples, studies using the CDC Clear Communication Index focused on quantitative assessments, making interpretation of results difficult. Despite this quantitative focus, studies often lacked key details in reporting, such as mean and median Index scores. We also found a prominent focus on materials in text formats, from government, academic, and nonprofit authors. These results point to the potential of the Index, demonstrating its reach thus far, as well as the need for researchers to expand its impact through more varied study design and more robust reporting.Our analysis in Chapter 2 revealed significant tradeoffs between different facets of suitability that highlight the role institutional priorities play in implementation, especially in light of the potential for unfair model performance across social contexts. We found a tradeoff between model explainability and fairness. Further, while fine-tuned BERT models outperformed bag-of-words models, both demonstrated potential bias with social media posts containing references to time-sensitive local knowledge. In our hypothetical use case, we would recommend limited implementation of such models, supported through continuous evaluation. This study also demonstrates the transparency and documentation necessary for assessing AI suitability in health communication, with implications for implementation policies that should restrict the use of proprietary, closed-source tools.Our analysis in Chapter 3 revealed several long-term complications that would stem from the use of off-the-shelf large language models as health communication tools. We found that back-end developers and front-end users would reach different conclusions about how to best prompt ChatGPT-3.5 to accurately assess posts using items from the CDC Clear Communication Index. This highlights the need for participatory evaluation methods to shape generative AI implementation and policy. In our analysis of performance across model versions, we found inconsistent performance, highlighting the need for continual evaluation of generative AI tools. Our results highlight the need for investment in health communication infrastructure, even in the face of generative AI tools like ChatGPT.ConclusionThough these studies focused on just one organizational health literacy tool, these conclusions are likely transferable to other aspects of health communication. Multiple assessment tools draw on the same kinds of evidence-based practices as the CDC Clear Communication Index, which are not defined in terms of readily quantifiable variables. Further, application of AI in content generation, text summary, and simulated conversations would all require evaluation to ensure acceptable performance across various contexts over time.
일반주제명  
Public health
일반주제명  
Public administration
키워드  
Health communication
키워드  
Health literacy
키워드  
Natural language processing
키워드  
Social media
키워드  
Health information
기타저자  
Harvard University Population Health Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aMendez,  Samuel  R.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-4402-1885
■24510▼aComputational  Methods  for  Organizational  Health  Literacy:  Risks,  Opportunities,  and  Future  Directions
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2025
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■300    ▼a137  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Emmons,  Karen  M.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aIntroductionHealth  literacy  emerged  as  a  field  of  research  and  practice  in  the  late  20th  century,  initially  emphasizing  individual  capacity  to  obtain,  process,  and  understand  health  information.  Over  time,  the  field  expanded  to  focus  on  organizations'  capacity  to  provide  clear,  accessible  health  information,  i.e.  organizational  health  literacy.  This  shift  in  focus  led  to  the  development  of  tools  to  support  organizational  health  literacy,  such  as  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index.  By  helping  organizations  reduce  the  burden  their  communication  materials  place  on  target  audiences,  tools  like  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index  can  play  a  vital  role  in  addressing  today's  pressing  public  health  issues  of  mistrust  and  misinformation.  However,  there  are  significant  gaps  in  knowledge  about  how  these  tools  have  been  used  so  far  and  how  they  might  interact  with  computational  methods  better  suited  for  high-volume  communication  online  than  traditional  manual  scoring  practices.This  dissertation  focused  on  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index,  describing  its  use  in  research  and  experimenting  with  computational  methods  to  apply  it  at  scale.  We  chose  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index  due  to  its  potential  for  impact  at  scale  online.  It  is  composed  of  20  binary  items,  resulting  in  a  percentage  score.  It  is  structured  to  suit  a  wide  variety  of  media  formats,  message  topics,  and  message  lengths.  It  encompasses  a  holistic  set  of  evidence-based  communication  guidelines,  covering  core  message  components,  behavioral  recommendations,  use  of  numbers,  and  discussions  of  risk.This  dissertation  focuses  on  two  key  types  of  computational  methods  often  referred  to  as  "artificial  intelligence"  (AI)  applications.  The  first  is  supervised  machine  learning,  in  which  a  particular  training  algorithm  is  used  to  identify  patterns  in  labeled  data  useful  for  predicting  labels  on  new  data.  The  second  is  generative  AI,  leveraging  large  language  models  to  generate  content  based  on  text  inputs.MethodsThis  dissertation  includes  three  separate  studies  examining  the  potential  of  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index  through  distinct  methods.Chapter  1  uses  a  scoping  review  methodology  to  describe  the  use  of  the  Index  as  an  assessment  tool  in  descriptive  research.  Primary  data  analysis  focused  on  study  design.  Secondary  data  analysis  focused  on  reporting  of  results  and  methods.Chapter  2  introduces  the  4-Factor  Framework  to  Assess  the  Suitability  of  AI  in  Health  Communication.  We  demonstrate  its  utility  through  a  hypothetical  use  case:  a  US  federal  health  agency  assessing  the  suitability  of  open-source  academic  machine  learning  models  to  rate  public  health  social  media  posts  according  to  guidelines  from  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index.  We  trained  8  bag-of-words  models  and  fine-tuned  8  BERT  models  to  predict  expert  raters'  labels  of  social  media  posts,  based  on  a  training  dataset  of  US  state  health  agencies'  pandemic  social  media  posts.  We  used  qualitative  process  document  review  and  quantitative  analysis  of  the  training  data  to  assess  models'  explainability.  We  used  qualitative  process  document  review  and  qualitative  analysis  of  model  outputs  to  assess  flexibility.  We  used  a  mix  of  quantitative  metrics  to  describe  models'  performance  in  accurately  predicting  the  labels  that  trained  human  raters  assigned  to  social  media  posts.  We  used  concise  comparative  summaries  to  identify  words  that  differentiated  social  media  posts  that  received  the  most  incorrect  model  predictions  from  those  that  models  performed  perfectly  on.Chapter  3  examines  the  performance  of  ChatGPT  in  applying  binary  items  from  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index  to  social  media  posts.  We  compare  the  results  of  prompt  engineering  between  front-end  user  and  back-end  developer  perspectives.  To  do  so,  we  used  12  different  prompting  styles,  varying  in  framing  and  length,  to  apply  binary  Index  items  to  a  test  dataset  of  27  social  media  posts.  Using  F1  and  MCC  as  performance  metrics,  we  compared  each  prompting  style's  performance  in  accurately  predicting  labels  from  expert  raters.  We  used  these  metrics  to  identify  the  optimal  prompting  style  for  each  item  and  the  overall  best  performing  style  across  all  items,  from  each  stakeholder  perspective.  We  then  compared  the  performance  of  different  model  versions  of  ChatGPT  on  the  same  tasks  using  a  validation  dataset  of  260  social  media  posts,  using  the  optimal  prompt  styles  we  identified  during  prompt  engineering  from  the  back-end  developer  perspective.ResultsOur  scoping  review  in  Chapter  1  identified  a  wide  breadth  of  research  contexts  in  which  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index  has  been  applied.  However,  we  also  uncovered  major  gaps  in  study  design  and  reporting.  Despite  largely  employing  purposive  samples,  studies  using  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index  focused  on  quantitative  assessments,  making  interpretation  of  results  difficult.  Despite  this  quantitative  focus,  studies  often  lacked  key  details  in  reporting,  such  as  mean  and  median  Index  scores.  We  also  found  a  prominent  focus  on  materials  in  text  formats,  from  government,  academic,  and  nonprofit  authors.  These  results  point  to  the  potential  of  the  Index,  demonstrating  its  reach  thus  far,  as  well  as  the  need  for  researchers  to  expand  its  impact  through  more  varied  study  design  and  more  robust  reporting.Our  analysis  in  Chapter  2  revealed  significant  tradeoffs  between  different  facets  of  suitability  that  highlight  the  role  institutional  priorities  play  in  implementation,  especially  in  light  of  the  potential  for  unfair  model  performance  across  social  contexts.  We  found  a  tradeoff  between  model  explainability  and  fairness.  Further,  while  fine-tuned  BERT  models outperformed  bag-of-words  models,  both  demonstrated  potential  bias  with  social  media  posts  containing  references  to  time-sensitive  local  knowledge.  In  our  hypothetical  use  case,  we  would  recommend  limited  implementation  of  such  models,  supported  through  continuous  evaluation.  This  study  also  demonstrates  the  transparency  and  documentation  necessary  for  assessing  AI  suitability  in  health  communication,  with  implications  for  implementation  policies  that  should  restrict  the  use  of  proprietary,  closed-source  tools.Our  analysis  in  Chapter  3  revealed  several  long-term  complications  that  would  stem  from  the  use  of  off-the-shelf  large  language  models  as  health  communication  tools.  We  found  that  back-end  developers  and  front-end  users  would  reach  different  conclusions  about  how  to  best  prompt  ChatGPT-3.5  to  accurately  assess  posts  using  items  from  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index.  This  highlights  the  need  for  participatory  evaluation  methods  to  shape  generative  AI  implementation  and  policy.  In  our  analysis  of  performance  across  model  versions,  we  found  inconsistent  performance,  highlighting  the  need  for  continual  evaluation  of  generative  AI  tools.  Our  results  highlight  the  need  for  investment  in  health  communication  infrastructure,  even  in  the  face  of  generative  AI  tools  like  ChatGPT.ConclusionThough  these  studies  focused  on  just  one  organizational  health  literacy  tool,  these  conclusions  are  likely  transferable  to  other  aspects  of  health  communication.  Multiple  assessment  tools  draw  on  the  same  kinds  of  evidence-based  practices  as  the  CDC  Clear  Communication  Index,  which  are  not  defined  in  terms  of  readily  quantifiable  variables.  Further,  application  of  AI  in  content  generation,  text  summary,  and  simulated  conversations  would  all  require  evaluation  to  ensure  acceptable  performance  across  various  contexts  over  time.
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■650  4▼aPublic  health
■650  4▼aPublic  administration
■653    ▼aHealth  communication
■653    ▼aHealth  literacy
■653    ▼aNatural  language  processing
■653    ▼aSocial  media
■653    ▼aHealth  information
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■690    ▼a0800
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bPopulation  Health  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
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■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
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■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357676▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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