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A Causal Inference Framework for Identifying Critical Windows of Time-Varying Exposures
A Causal Inference Framework for Identifying Critical Windows of Time-Varying Exposures
A Causal Inference Framework for Identifying Critical Windows of Time-Varying Exposures

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103550
ISBN  
9798280710498
DDC  
574
저자명  
Howe, Christina Monroe.
서명/저자  
A Causal Inference Framework for Identifying Critical Windows of Time-Varying Exposures
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
135 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Coull, Brent;Mukherjee, Rajarshi.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약There has been great clinical interest in the concept of 'critical windows' or 'sensitive periods' of environmental exposures. The concept of a critical window, defined formally in this dissertation, refers to a specific time period during which an individual is more susceptible to developing an outcome in response to a particular exposure than at other times. The statistical methods used to identify these critical windows have several limitations, and applied researchers are often limited to using methods developed for different research questions which can lead to bias, inflated Type I error rates, and low power.Studies on environmental exposures are almost always observational by necessity, and it remains an ongoing challenge to interpret results as the causal effect of intervening on the exposure rather than merely as an association between the exposure and the outcome. Because the methods currently in use have not been previously examined through a causal inference lens, results across studies are difficult to compare, even if the same covariates are used.This dissertation seeks to combine these two areas of interest by proposing a framework for the identification of critical windows from a causal inference perspective. Throughout this work, we demonstrate how different methods should be employed to answer subtly different research questions and compare our methods to existing approaches through simulations where appropriate.In Chapter 1, we introduce our novel flexible CAusaL Identification of Critical windOws - Modified Treatment Policy (CALICO-MTP) framework, extending previous work on using a dose modification scheme to estimate the causal effect of continuous exposures. We propose dividing the concept of critical window identification into three distinct research questions, each addressed with different approaches. These questions are: 1) Curve estimation: what does the exposure-outcome relationship look like over time? 2) Hypothesis testing: is there any time window during which there is an effect of intervening on the exposure? and 3) Window selection: after determining that there is a causal relationship, what is the critical window for that exposure? For the first question, we propose a curve estimation strategy to yield results similar to those of the commonly used distributed lag model (DLM). For the second, we propose estimating the effect of intervening onall biologically plausible windows and combining the p-values using the Aggregated Cauchy Association Test (ACAT), a p-value combination method that accounts for strong correlations between test statistics. For the third, we discuss strategies for selecting the window once the global null has been rejected. We apply these methods to a dataset from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and compare them to previous results regarding the effect of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) exposure on the 32-40 week fetal head circumference as measured by ultrasound, and we present a novel visualization for the causal effect of intervening on time intervals.In Chapter 2, we present a variant of this framework, CALICO-ADRF, that explicitly models nonlinear dose-response relationships by estimating the Average Dose Response Function (ADRF) for each time window. This nonlinear relationship is particularly relevant for environmental exposures such as metals, where some are necessary minerals at low exposures but act as toxins at high exposure levels, and temperature, which may exhibit a thresholding effect for certain outcomes. We use a scalar test statistic that is the integrated squared derivative of the estimated ADRF to perform global hypothesis testing with Type I error control and improved power compared to the methods of Chapter 1 for biologically-plausible nonlinear dose-response curves. We demonstrate these results looking at the effect of maternal prenatal temperature exposure and birthweight for full-term deliveries in the same BIDMC cohort.In Chapter 3, we present a discussion of causal inference concepts specifically tailored to the methods most commonly used for time-varying environmental exposures, offering a novel perspective for researchers. We present a framework through which the target estimand of different modeling approaches can be compared, improving the ability to draw meaningful and comparable conclusions across studies. We explore the different estimands that these methods target and illustrate when these estimands align or diverge depending on the underlying causal structure of the exposure. Finally, we provide guidance for researchers on how to appropriately align their methodological choices with their research questions.
일반주제명  
Biostatistics
일반주제명  
Environmental health
일반주제명  
Public health
일반주제명  
Statistics
일반주제명  
Environmental science
키워드  
Causal inference
키워드  
Longitudinal data
키워드  
Observational data
키워드  
Time-varying exposures
키워드  
Critical windows
기타저자  
Harvard University Biostatistics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■24512▼aA  Causal  Inference  Framework  for  Identifying  Critical  Windows  of  Time-Varying  Exposures
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a135  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Coull,  Brent;Mukherjee,  Rajarshi.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThere  has  been  great  clinical  interest  in  the  concept  of  'critical  windows'  or  'sensitive  periods'  of  environmental  exposures.  The  concept  of  a  critical  window,  defined  formally  in  this  dissertation,  refers  to  a  specific  time  period  during  which  an  individual  is  more  susceptible  to  developing  an  outcome  in  response  to  a  particular  exposure  than  at  other  times.  The  statistical  methods  used  to  identify  these  critical  windows  have  several  limitations,  and  applied  researchers  are  often  limited  to  using  methods  developed  for  different  research  questions  which  can  lead  to  bias,  inflated  Type  I  error  rates,  and  low  power.Studies  on  environmental  exposures  are  almost  always  observational  by  necessity,  and  it  remains  an  ongoing  challenge  to  interpret  results  as  the  causal  effect  of  intervening  on  the  exposure  rather  than  merely  as  an  association  between  the  exposure  and  the  outcome.  Because  the  methods  currently  in  use  have  not  been  previously  examined  through  a  causal  inference  lens,  results  across  studies  are  difficult  to  compare,  even  if  the  same  covariates  are  used.This  dissertation  seeks  to  combine  these  two  areas  of  interest  by  proposing  a  framework  for  the  identification  of  critical  windows  from  a  causal  inference  perspective.  Throughout  this  work,  we  demonstrate  how  different  methods  should  be  employed  to  answer  subtly  different  research  questions  and  compare  our  methods  to  existing  approaches  through  simulations  where  appropriate.In  Chapter  1,  we  introduce  our  novel  flexible  CAusaL  Identification  of  Critical  windOws  -  Modified  Treatment  Policy  (CALICO-MTP)  framework,  extending  previous  work  on  using  a  dose  modification  scheme  to  estimate  the  causal  effect  of  continuous  exposures.  We  propose  dividing  the  concept  of  critical  window  identification  into  three  distinct  research  questions,  each  addressed  with  different  approaches.  These  questions  are:  1)  Curve  estimation:  what  does  the  exposure-outcome  relationship  look  like  over  time?  2)  Hypothesis  testing:  is  there  any  time  window  during  which  there  is  an  effect  of  intervening  on  the  exposure?  and  3)  Window  selection:  after  determining  that  there  is  a  causal  relationship,  what  is  the  critical  window  for  that  exposure?  For  the  first  question,  we  propose  a  curve  estimation  strategy  to  yield  results  similar  to  those  of  the  commonly  used  distributed  lag  model  (DLM).  For  the  second,  we  propose  estimating  the  effect  of  intervening  onall  biologically  plausible  windows  and  combining  the  p-values  using  the  Aggregated  Cauchy  Association  Test  (ACAT),  a  p-value  combination  method  that  accounts  for  strong  correlations  between  test  statistics.  For  the  third,  we  discuss  strategies  for  selecting  the  window  once  the  global  null  has  been  rejected.  We  apply  these  methods  to  a  dataset  from  Beth  Israel  Deaconess  Medical  Center  (BIDMC)  and  compare  them  to  previous  results  regarding  the  effect  of  Nitrogen  Dioxide  (NO2)  exposure  on  the  32-40  week  fetal  head  circumference  as  measured  by  ultrasound,  and  we  present  a  novel  visualization  for  the  causal  effect  of  intervening  on  time  intervals.In  Chapter  2,  we  present  a  variant  of  this  framework,  CALICO-ADRF,  that  explicitly  models  nonlinear  dose-response  relationships  by  estimating  the  Average  Dose  Response  Function  (ADRF)  for  each  time  window.  This  nonlinear  relationship  is  particularly  relevant  for  environmental  exposures  such  as  metals,  where  some  are  necessary  minerals  at  low  exposures  but  act  as  toxins  at  high  exposure  levels,  and  temperature,  which  may  exhibit  a  thresholding  effect  for  certain  outcomes.  We  use  a  scalar  test  statistic  that  is  the  integrated  squared  derivative  of  the  estimated  ADRF  to  perform  global  hypothesis  testing  with  Type  I  error  control  and  improved  power  compared  to  the  methods  of  Chapter  1  for  biologically-plausible  nonlinear  dose-response  curves.  We  demonstrate  these  results  looking  at  the  effect  of  maternal  prenatal  temperature  exposure  and  birthweight  for  full-term  deliveries  in  the  same  BIDMC  cohort.In  Chapter  3,  we  present  a  discussion  of  causal  inference  concepts  specifically  tailored  to  the  methods  most  commonly  used  for  time-varying  environmental  exposures,  offering  a  novel  perspective  for  researchers.  We  present  a  framework  through  which  the  target  estimand  of  different  modeling  approaches  can  be  compared,  improving  the  ability  to  draw  meaningful  and  comparable  conclusions  across  studies.  We  explore  the  different  estimands  that  these  methods  target  and  illustrate  when  these  estimands  align  or  diverge  depending  on  the  underlying  causal  structure  of  the  exposure.  Finally,  we  provide  guidance  for  researchers  on  how  to  appropriately  align  their  methodological  choices  with  their  research  questions.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aBiostatistics
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  health
■650  4▼aPublic  health
■650  4▼aStatistics
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  science
■653    ▼aCausal  inference
■653    ▼aLongitudinal  data
■653    ▼aObservational  data
■653    ▼aTime-varying  exposures
■653    ▼aCritical  windows
■690    ▼a0308
■690    ▼a0470
■690    ▼a0573
■690    ▼a0768
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■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bBiostatistics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357717▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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