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Unraveling the Web of Challenges Around Understanding How Black Widow Spiders Spin Silk
Unraveling the Web of Challenges Around Understanding How Black Widow Spiders Spin Silk
Unraveling the Web of Challenges Around Understanding How Black Widow Spiders Spin Silk

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103059
ISBN  
9798315799566
DDC  
620.11
저자명  
Sharpe, Christopher A. L.
서명/저자  
Unraveling the Web of Challenges Around Understanding How Black Widow Spiders Spin Silk
발행사항  
[Sl] : Northwestern University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
228 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Includes supplementary digital materials.
주기사항  
Advisor: Gianneschi, Nathan C.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Producing synthetic spider silks has been a Holy Grail of materials science for centuries, but only relatively recently have we started to make significant progress towards that goal. Only in the last few decades have we discovered the ingredients to the spider silk recipe - the protein composition, sequences, and concentration - and the general steps that occur during spinning: changes in pH, ion exchange, dehydration, and shear. However, we still lack a good understanding of what these processing steps do to the silk proteins themselves and how they give rise to the final, complex fiber. Such an understanding is critical to transferring the in vivo system into an industrial process capable of producing large quantities of high performance silk, especially since the synthesis process for synthetic vs natural silks is so different. Special techniques need to be employed to "peak under the hood" and see how the silk proteins evolve during the spinning process. Due to native silk's high concentration and extreme sensitivity to multiple stimuli, only a handful of techniques can be used to probe its structure. In this dissertation, two techniques have been employed: 1) traditional Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM), and 2) High Pressure Freezing - Freeze Substitution (HPF-FS) ultrastructure electron microscopy. Cryo-TEM uses very dilute concentrations of sample, which must be prepared carefully to minimize shear and chemical effects; however, this dilute state is much closer to its true, hydrated state than most other techniques permit. HPF-FS allows for direct imaging of the in vivo tissue and observation of the native structural thanks to flash-freezing the entire silk gland at high pressure to preserve native structures and prevent many artifact-forming processes, followed by fixing and staining at cryogenic temperatures in organic solvent. This process prevents many of the artifacts found in chemical fixation, as the cryogenic temperatures of freeze substitution minimize many osmotic effects. This is key for preserving the silk, as pH and dehydration effects are known stimuli in its spinning process. HPF-FS also incorporates metal stains for EM contrast and concludes with embedding the sample into epoxy resin, protecting it from most shear effects as well. By avoiding stimuli that trigger the silk protein assembly process, HPF-FS preserves the native silk gland structures. The epoxy-embedded sample "chits" are then sectioned with a diamond knife and imaged by SEM or TEM.However, HPF is normally constrained to samples less than 200 μm thick, while the silk glands are 400+ μm thick - introducing a potentially fatal problem. For samples thicker than 200 μm, the high pressure is almost universally insufficient to prevent the formation of large, tissue-damaging ice crystals that alter the native structure. To characterize ice crystallite size, I employed Cryogenic Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (Cryo-WAXS) for the post-HPF pre-FS silk glands. This showed that most HPF samples had ice crystallites smaller than previously-characterized silk micelles - clearing the way for ultrastructure characterization, but raising questions as to why the silk glands were able to undergo HPF so well. To date, only cryoprotectant-infiltrated or inherently cryoprotective thick samples have been able to go through HPF without significant ice damage. We tested the Ice Recrystallization Inhibition (IRI) activity of black widow dragline silk, and found it to have an IRI IC50 of 0.14±0.03 mg/mL. Compared to the native silk concentration of ~400 mg/mL, this essentially ensures that the silk itself confers the cryoprotective effect enabling successful HPF. However, whether that activity is due to particular proteins in the dragline silk, particular conformations they exhibit prior to spinning, or another factor still needs to be explored.Finally, I describe a workflow for how to reconstruct the entirety of a silk gland at nanoscale resolution. This reconstruction process, while not complete, hopefully will serve as a guide to others undertaking tissue reconstruction projects of this scale.
일반주제명  
Materials science
일반주제명  
Biochemistry
일반주제명  
Entomology
일반주제명  
Nanoscience
키워드  
Black widow
키워드  
Cryo-TEM
키워드  
Cryo-WAXS
키워드  
Cryoprotectant
키워드  
Spider silk
키워드  
Ultrastructure
기타저자  
Northwestern University Materials Science and Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aSharpe,  Christopher  A.  L.▼0(orcid)0000-0003-0519-7781
■24510▼aUnraveling  the  Web  of  Challenges  Around  Understanding  How  Black  Widow  Spiders  Spin  Silk
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bNorthwestern  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a228  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aIncludes  supplementary  digital  materials.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Gianneschi,  Nathan  C.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Northwestern  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aProducing  synthetic  spider  silks  has  been  a  Holy  Grail  of  materials  science  for  centuries,  but  only  relatively  recently  have  we  started  to  make  significant  progress  towards  that  goal.  Only  in  the  last  few  decades  have  we  discovered  the  ingredients  to  the  spider  silk  recipe  -  the  protein  composition,  sequences,  and  concentration  -  and  the  general  steps  that  occur  during  spinning:  changes  in  pH,  ion  exchange,  dehydration,  and  shear.  However,  we  still  lack  a  good  understanding  of  what  these  processing  steps  do  to  the  silk  proteins  themselves  and  how  they  give  rise  to  the  final,  complex  fiber.  Such  an  understanding  is  critical  to  transferring  the  in  vivo  system  into  an  industrial  process  capable  of  producing  large  quantities  of  high  performance  silk,  especially  since  the  synthesis  process  for  synthetic  vs  natural  silks  is  so  different.  Special  techniques  need  to  be  employed  to  "peak  under  the  hood"  and  see  how  the  silk  proteins  evolve  during  the  spinning  process.  Due  to  native  silk's  high  concentration  and  extreme  sensitivity  to  multiple  stimuli,  only  a  handful  of  techniques  can  be  used  to  probe  its  structure.  In  this  dissertation,  two  techniques  have  been  employed:  1)  traditional  Cryogenic  Transmission  Electron  Microscopy  (Cryo-TEM),  and  2)  High  Pressure  Freezing  -  Freeze  Substitution  (HPF-FS)  ultrastructure  electron  microscopy.  Cryo-TEM  uses  very  dilute  concentrations  of  sample,  which  must  be  prepared  carefully  to  minimize  shear  and  chemical  effects;  however,  this  dilute  state  is  much  closer  to  its  true,  hydrated  state  than  most  other  techniques  permit.  HPF-FS  allows  for  direct  imaging  of  the  in  vivo  tissue  and  observation  of  the  native  structural  thanks  to  flash-freezing  the  entire  silk  gland  at  high  pressure  to  preserve  native  structures  and  prevent  many  artifact-forming  processes,  followed  by  fixing  and  staining  at  cryogenic  temperatures  in  organic  solvent.  This  process  prevents  many  of  the  artifacts  found  in  chemical  fixation,  as  the  cryogenic  temperatures  of  freeze  substitution  minimize  many  osmotic  effects.  This  is  key  for  preserving  the  silk,  as  pH  and  dehydration  effects  are  known  stimuli in  its  spinning  process.  HPF-FS  also  incorporates  metal  stains  for  EM  contrast  and  concludes  with  embedding  the  sample  into  epoxy  resin,  protecting  it  from  most  shear  effects  as  well.  By  avoiding  stimuli  that  trigger  the  silk  protein  assembly  process,  HPF-FS  preserves  the  native  silk  gland  structures.  The  epoxy-embedded  sample  "chits"  are  then  sectioned  with  a  diamond  knife  and  imaged  by  SEM  or  TEM.However,  HPF  is  normally  constrained  to  samples  less  than  200  μm  thick,  while  the  silk  glands  are  400+  μm  thick  -  introducing  a  potentially  fatal  problem.  For  samples  thicker  than  200  μm,  the  high  pressure  is  almost  universally  insufficient  to  prevent  the  formation  of  large,  tissue-damaging  ice  crystals  that  alter  the  native  structure.  To  characterize  ice  crystallite  size,  I  employed  Cryogenic  Wide  Angle  X-ray  Scattering  (Cryo-WAXS)  for  the  post-HPF  pre-FS  silk  glands.  This  showed  that  most  HPF  samples  had  ice  crystallites  smaller  than  previously-characterized  silk  micelles  -  clearing  the  way  for  ultrastructure  characterization,  but  raising  questions  as  to  why  the  silk  glands  were  able  to  undergo  HPF  so  well.  To  date,  only  cryoprotectant-infiltrated  or  inherently  cryoprotective  thick  samples  have  been  able  to  go  through  HPF  without  significant  ice  damage.  We  tested  the  Ice  Recrystallization  Inhibition  (IRI)  activity  of  black  widow  dragline  silk,  and  found  it  to  have  an  IRI  IC50 of  0.14±0.03  mg/mL.  Compared  to  the  native  silk  concentration  of  ~400  mg/mL,  this  essentially  ensures  that  the  silk  itself  confers  the  cryoprotective  effect  enabling  successful  HPF.  However,  whether  that  activity  is  due  to  particular  proteins  in  the  dragline  silk,  particular  conformations  they  exhibit  prior  to  spinning,  or  another  factor  still  needs  to  be  explored.Finally,  I  describe  a  workflow  for  how  to  reconstruct  the  entirety  of  a  silk  gland  at  nanoscale  resolution.  This  reconstruction  process,  while  not  complete,  hopefully  will  serve  as  a  guide  to  others  undertaking  tissue  reconstruction  projects  of  this  scale.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0163.
■650  4▼aMaterials  science
■650  4▼aBiochemistry
■650  4▼aEntomology
■650  4▼aNanoscience
■653    ▼aBlack  widow
■653    ▼aCryo-TEM
■653    ▼aCryo-WAXS
■653    ▼aCryoprotectant
■653    ▼aSpider  silk
■653    ▼aUltrastructure
■690    ▼a0794
■690    ▼a0565
■690    ▼a0487
■690    ▼a0353
■71020▼aNorthwestern  University▼bMaterials  Science  and  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0163
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17356904▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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