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Essays on Environmental Change and Social Inequality
Essays on Environmental Change and Social Inequality
Essays on Environmental Change and Social Inequality

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103149
ISBN  
9798314890233
DDC  
320
저자명  
Davis, William Matthew Alampay.
서명/저자  
Essays on Environmental Change and Social Inequality
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
133 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Naidu, Suresh.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation is comprised of three essays each of which may be described as empirical investigations relating environmental change to a distinct concept of inequality: economic inequality as measured by the global distribution of income; political inequality as reflected in the demand for and quality of democratic institutions; and patriarchal cultural inequality as expressed through domestic violence.Chapter 1 explores the relationship between anthropogenic climate change and global inequality, a subject bridging two of the defining challenges of the 21st century but that nonetheless remains virtually unstudied at subnational levels. To make overdue progress addressing this research gap, I adapt recently developed methods for estimating climate impacts to overcome long-standing empirical limitations and apply these refinements to fine-scaled data on globally representative income distributions.I document new evidence that temperature shocks significantly and persistently impact distributions of income within countries, an effect driven by concentrations of harm onto the lowest income-earners in warm climates as well as a surprising vulnerability of the top 1% in these countries to environmental shocks. Integrating these inequality effects over observed distributions of income and the spatial incidence of global warming between 1980 and 2016, I find that climate change has regressively redistributed global shares in a reduced stock of income both between and within countries largely by depriving the world's poorest of economic opportunity that would otherwise have been available. For the poorest percentile of positive income-earners in our data, we find that income levels absent asymmetrical warming since 1980 would be 29% [18, 41] higher than realized. Through an inequality decomposition exercise, I estimate that climate change over this period has reduced between-country inequality by 8.7% [4.9, 13.3] and within-country inequality by 2.6% [0.0, 5.6]; to the best of knowledge, this decomposition and especially this latter quantity have not previously been estimated. Altogether, these results constitute the most comprehensive evidence yet of the regressive impact of climate change.Despite widespread regard of climate change as a threat to global stability, the nature of the relationship between environmental change, political preferences, and regime change is undertheorized in environmental political economy. In Chapter 2, I consider two possible frameworks by repurposing influential existing theories of regime change. Under a "mercury uprising" hypothesis, adverse environmental shocks diminish the opportunity cost of contesting autocratic rule thereby improving prospects for democratic reform. On the other hand, a "state of exception" hypothesis would suggest that the public responds to these shocks with a willingness to compromise civil liberties for authoritarian features of governance which may more credibly ensure security thereby leading to a diminution of democratic institutions.I empirically test the relative merits of these theories first by measuring the impacts of identified temperature shocks on survey-based proxies for the demand for democracy. Next, I use multi-valued and dichotomous measures of democracy to investigate the dynamic effects of these shocks on the democratic quality of institutions. The results from these analyses consistently support the latter theory. In particular, I find that a positive 0.5°C temperature shock increases the propensity for autocracies in temperate geographies to democratize by between 1.5-3.7 percentage points depending on the operating definition of democracy but reduces this propensity for their tropical counterparts by 1.6-2.4 percentage points. The same shocks also increase the propensity for warm-climate democracies to break down by 0.6-2.0 percentage points. In these cases, effects are substantial and significant but exhibit very limited persistence beyond the year of the shock after accounting for autocorrelation in the shock itself. Finally, we find that the same shocks have null effects on the propensity for temperate democracies to undergo reversal, suggesting these institutions have historically proven impervious to environmental disruption.In Chapter 3, I explore how explore how drought-induced weather shocks impact spousal violence in a previously never-violent relationship. Here, I combine high-resolution weather data with comprehensive duration data on the incidence of physical and emotional violence in India to estimate how drought-induced negative income shocks may affect these health outcomes.My findings suggest that negative income shocks substantially reduce the hazard into marital violence. Specifically, a negative precipitation shock of a magnitude one might ordinarily expect once every 4-5 years on average reduces the risk of a never-violent relationship becoming violent by 0.037 percentage points, representing a 70% reduction in the baseline hazard of this transition during the formative years of a marriage.I also replicate a recently published study relating these weather shocks to the risk of child marriage using updated methods and much-improved data. I find that these effects are milder but more persistent than characterized in the original study. In addition, I find that this result is reproduced in Sub-Saharan African countries, contradicting the headline result of the original study which had reported opposite-signed effects in the two settings and attributed the difference to opposite consumption smoothing incentives motivated by opposite consumption-smoothing incentives imposed by the cultural practices of dowry and bride price payments. Instead, secondary results suggest that child marriage seems to be even less economically motivated than marriages occurring later in life.
일반주제명  
Political science
일반주제명  
Climate change
키워드  
Development
키워드  
Income inequality
키워드  
Political economy
키워드  
Political transition
키워드  
Social inequality
키워드  
Environmental change
기타저자  
Columbia University Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■00520260202103149
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■020    ▼a9798314890233
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31996171
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a320
■1001  ▼aDavis,  William  Matthew  Alampay.
■24510▼aEssays  on  Environmental  Change  and  Social  Inequality
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bColumbia  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a133  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Naidu,  Suresh.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  is  comprised  of  three  essays  each  of  which  may  be  described  as  empirical  investigations  relating  environmental  change  to  a  distinct  concept  of  inequality:  economic  inequality  as  measured  by  the  global  distribution  of  income;  political  inequality  as  reflected  in  the  demand  for  and  quality  of  democratic  institutions;  and  patriarchal  cultural  inequality  as  expressed  through  domestic  violence.Chapter  1  explores  the  relationship  between  anthropogenic  climate  change  and  global  inequality,  a  subject  bridging  two  of  the  defining  challenges  of  the  21st  century  but  that  nonetheless  remains  virtually  unstudied  at  subnational  levels.  To  make  overdue  progress  addressing  this  research  gap,  I  adapt  recently  developed  methods  for  estimating  climate  impacts  to  overcome  long-standing  empirical  limitations  and  apply  these  refinements  to  fine-scaled  data  on  globally  representative  income  distributions.I  document  new  evidence  that  temperature  shocks  significantly  and  persistently  impact  distributions  of  income  within  countries,  an  effect  driven  by  concentrations  of  harm  onto  the  lowest  income-earners  in  warm  climates  as  well  as  a  surprising  vulnerability  of  the  top  1%  in  these  countries  to  environmental  shocks.  Integrating  these  inequality  effects  over  observed  distributions  of  income  and  the  spatial  incidence  of  global  warming  between  1980  and  2016,  I  find  that  climate  change  has  regressively  redistributed  global  shares  in  a  reduced  stock  of  income  both  between  and  within  countries  largely  by  depriving  the  world's  poorest  of  economic  opportunity  that  would  otherwise  have  been  available.  For  the  poorest  percentile  of  positive  income-earners  in  our  data,  we  find  that  income  levels  absent  asymmetrical  warming  since  1980  would  be  29%  [18,  41]  higher  than  realized.  Through  an  inequality  decomposition  exercise,  I  estimate  that  climate  change  over  this  period  has  reduced  between-country  inequality  by  8.7%  [4.9,  13.3]  and  within-country  inequality  by  2.6%  [0.0,  5.6];  to  the  best  of  knowledge,  this  decomposition  and  especially  this  latter  quantity  have  not  previously  been  estimated.  Altogether,  these  results  constitute  the  most  comprehensive  evidence  yet  of  the  regressive  impact  of  climate  change.Despite  widespread  regard  of  climate  change  as  a  threat  to  global  stability,  the  nature  of  the  relationship  between  environmental  change,  political  preferences,  and  regime  change  is  undertheorized  in  environmental  political  economy.  In  Chapter  2,  I  consider  two  possible  frameworks  by  repurposing  influential  existing  theories  of  regime  change.  Under  a  "mercury  uprising"  hypothesis,  adverse  environmental  shocks  diminish  the  opportunity  cost  of  contesting  autocratic  rule  thereby  improving  prospects  for  democratic  reform.  On  the  other  hand,  a  "state  of  exception"  hypothesis  would  suggest  that  the  public  responds  to  these  shocks  with  a  willingness  to  compromise  civil  liberties  for  authoritarian  features  of  governance  which  may  more  credibly  ensure  security  thereby  leading  to  a  diminution  of  democratic  institutions.I  empirically  test  the  relative  merits  of  these  theories  first  by  measuring  the  impacts  of  identified  temperature  shocks  on  survey-based  proxies  for  the  demand  for  democracy.  Next,  I  use  multi-valued  and  dichotomous  measures  of  democracy  to  investigate  the  dynamic  effects  of  these  shocks  on  the  democratic  quality  of  institutions.  The  results  from  these  analyses  consistently  support  the  latter  theory.  In  particular,  I  find  that  a  positive  0.5°C  temperature  shock  increases  the  propensity  for  autocracies  in  temperate  geographies  to  democratize  by  between  1.5-3.7  percentage  points  depending  on  the  operating  definition  of  democracy  but  reduces  this  propensity  for  their  tropical  counterparts  by  1.6-2.4  percentage  points.  The  same  shocks  also  increase  the  propensity  for  warm-climate  democracies  to  break  down  by  0.6-2.0  percentage  points.  In  these  cases,  effects  are  substantial  and  significant  but  exhibit  very  limited  persistence  beyond  the  year  of  the  shock  after  accounting  for  autocorrelation  in  the  shock  itself.  Finally,  we  find  that  the  same  shocks  have  null  effects  on  the  propensity  for  temperate  democracies  to  undergo  reversal,  suggesting  these  institutions  have  historically  proven  impervious  to  environmental  disruption.In  Chapter  3,  I  explore  how  explore  how  drought-induced  weather  shocks  impact  spousal  violence  in  a  previously  never-violent  relationship.  Here,  I  combine  high-resolution  weather  data  with  comprehensive  duration  data  on  the  incidence  of  physical  and  emotional  violence  in  India  to  estimate  how  drought-induced  negative  income  shocks  may  affect  these  health  outcomes.My  findings  suggest  that  negative  income  shocks  substantially  reduce  the  hazard  into  marital  violence.  Specifically,  a  negative  precipitation  shock  of  a  magnitude  one  might  ordinarily  expect  once  every  4-5  years  on  average  reduces  the  risk  of  a  never-violent  relationship  becoming  violent  by  0.037  percentage  points,  representing  a  70%  reduction  in  the  baseline  hazard  of  this  transition  during  the  formative  years  of  a  marriage.I  also  replicate  a  recently  published  study  relating  these  weather  shocks  to  the  risk  of  child  marriage  using  updated  methods  and  much-improved  data.  I  find  that  these  effects  are  milder  but  more  persistent  than  characterized  in  the  original  study.  In  addition,  I  find  that  this  result  is  reproduced  in  Sub-Saharan  African  countries,  contradicting  the  headline  result  of  the  original  study  which  had  reported  opposite-signed  effects  in  the  two  settings  and  attributed  the  difference  to  opposite  consumption  smoothing  incentives  motivated  by  opposite  consumption-smoothing  incentives  imposed  by  the  cultural  practices  of  dowry  and  bride  price  payments.  Instead,  secondary  results  suggest  that  child  marriage  seems  to  be  even  less  economically  motivated  than  marriages  occurring  later  in  life.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aPolitical  science
■650  4▼aClimate  change
■653    ▼aDevelopment
■653    ▼aIncome  inequality
■653    ▼aPolitical  economy
■653    ▼aPolitical  transition
■653    ▼aSocial  inequality
■653    ▼aEnvironmental  change
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0438
■690    ▼a0615
■690    ▼a0404
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-11B.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357214▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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