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The Role of Reward Processes and Positive Emotions During Exposure
The Role of Reward Processes and Positive Emotions During Exposure
The Role of Reward Processes and Positive Emotions During Exposure

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104819
ISBN  
9798290614205
DDC  
157
저자명  
Barnes-Horowitz, Nora Marjorie.
서명/저자  
The Role of Reward Processes and Positive Emotions During Exposure
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Los Angeles, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
200 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Craske, Michelle.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Anxiety disorders involve excessive and persistent fears, which have been explained using associative fear learning principles. For example, in fear conditioning, a salient cue (conditional stimulus; CS) is repeatedly presented with an aversive outcome (unconditional stimulus; US), which is thought to lead to the formation of a CS-US association. In fear extinction, the CS is repeatedly presented without the US and is thought to form a new inhibitory CS-noUS association. Extinction forms the foundation of exposure therapy, the gold standard treatment for anxiety disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that reward processes and positive emotions, such as relief, may play an important role during extinction. However, these relationships have been understudied in a clinical exposure therapy setting and predominant models of exposure therapy do not currently incorporate reward processes. This dissertation comprises three studies that aim to improve understanding of the role of reward processes and positive emotions in the context of exposure therapy as potential treatment targets, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the effectiveness of exposure therapy for anxiety.Study 1 examined whether reward sensitivity and positive affect predicted learning during exposure therapy. Learning was operationalized as participant updating of expectations regarding likelihood of US occurrence. Learning was measured in two ways using both observed and computational modeling indices, where faster decreases indicated more rapid updating of US expectancies and thus, faster learning. Study 1 also explored whether reward sensitivity, positive affect, and learning in turn predicted treatment outcomes. Study 1 found that reward sensitivity and positive affect prior to a course of exposure therapy did not predict learning, but higher positive affect predicted greater learning on a given exposure trial. This effect appeared to be driven by exposure trials where participants reported high within-person positive affect and lower expectations of US occurrence. Reward sensitivity, positive affect, and learning did not predict exposure therapy outcomes.Study 2 examined whether the self-reported positive emotional experience of relief predicted subsequent learning during exposure. As with learning, relief was measured in two ways using both observed and computational modeling indices. Study 2 also examined whether individual differences in reward sensitivity and positive affect predicted this subjective experience of relief, and explored whether learning and relief in turn predicted exposure outcomes. Study 2 found that the observed index of relief did not predict learning on the subsequent exposure trial, but faster changes in relief did predict faster subsequent changes in learning using computational modeling. Reward sensitivity and positive affect prior to a series of exposures did not predict changes in relief, but higher positive affect predicted greater relief on a given exposure trial. Faster changes in learning on both indices, but not relief, predicted lower public speaking anxiety symptoms at the end of the study.Study 3 examined whether reward sensitivity and positive affect could be manipulated in the context of exposure by comparing a positive rehearsal exercise with a neutral rehearsal exercise during exposure. Specifically, Study 3 compared group differences in overall exposure outcomes, learning across observed and computational modeling indices, and self-reported relief across observed and computational modeling indices. Study 3 found that public speaking anxiety symptoms significantly decreased across the study, with no group differences. On the observed index of learning, expectations of US occurrence significantly decreased across the study for both groups, but this decrease was significantly faster for the neutral rehearsal group. There were no group differences using computational modeling of learning. On the observed index of relief, relief significantly decreased for the positive rehearsal group but not the neutral rehearsal group. There were no group differences using computational modeling of relief, though relief rate of change did increase across the study. Reward sensitivity significantly increased across the study, with no group differences. There was no significant change or group difference in positive affect.Together, findings suggest that relief may indeed influence future learning, but does not itself directly influence overall exposure outcomes. Clinical strategies aimed at enhancing state positive affect prior to an exposure may be most influential for US expectancy updating and relief, which in turn may be most likely to enhance exposure outcomes. Both positive and neutral rehearsal strategies appear to be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms during exposure, though neutral rehearsal may impact outcomes via changes in US expectancy only, whereas positive rehearsal may impact outcomes via changes in US expectancy and relief. Overall, the current studies support the importance of reward processes and positive emotions on learning during exposure.
일반주제명  
Clinical psychology
일반주제명  
Psychology
일반주제명  
Mental health
키워드  
Anxiety disorders
키워드  
Aversive outcome
키워드  
Conditional stimulus
키워드  
US occurrence
키워드  
Exposure therapy
기타저자  
University of California, Los Angeles Psychology 0780
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aBarnes-Horowitz,  Nora  Marjorie.
■24510▼aThe  Role  of  Reward  Processes  and  Positive  Emotions  During  Exposure
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Los  Angeles▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a200  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Craske,  Michelle.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Los  Angeles,  2025.
■520    ▼aAnxiety  disorders  involve  excessive  and  persistent  fears,  which  have  been  explained  using  associative  fear  learning  principles.  For  example,  in  fear  conditioning,  a  salient  cue  (conditional  stimulus;  CS)  is  repeatedly  presented  with  an  aversive  outcome  (unconditional  stimulus;  US),  which  is  thought  to  lead  to  the  formation  of  a  CS-US  association.  In  fear  extinction,  the  CS  is  repeatedly  presented  without  the  US  and  is  thought  to  form  a  new  inhibitory  CS-noUS  association.  Extinction  forms  the  foundation  of  exposure  therapy,  the  gold  standard  treatment  for  anxiety  disorders.  Emerging  evidence  suggests  that  reward  processes  and  positive  emotions,  such  as  relief,  may  play  an  important  role  during  extinction.  However,  these  relationships  have  been  understudied  in  a  clinical  exposure  therapy  setting  and  predominant  models  of  exposure  therapy  do  not  currently  incorporate  reward  processes.  This  dissertation  comprises  three  studies  that  aim  to  improve  understanding  of  the  role  of  reward  processes  and  positive  emotions  in  the  context  of  exposure  therapy  as  potential  treatment  targets,  with  the  ultimate  goal  of  enhancing  the  effectiveness  of  exposure  therapy  for  anxiety.Study  1  examined  whether  reward  sensitivity  and  positive  affect  predicted  learning  during  exposure  therapy.  Learning  was  operationalized  as  participant  updating  of  expectations  regarding  likelihood  of  US  occurrence.  Learning  was  measured  in  two  ways  using  both  observed  and  computational  modeling  indices,  where  faster  decreases  indicated  more  rapid  updating  of  US  expectancies  and  thus,  faster  learning.  Study  1  also  explored  whether  reward  sensitivity,  positive  affect,  and  learning  in  turn  predicted  treatment  outcomes.  Study  1  found  that  reward  sensitivity  and  positive  affect  prior  to  a  course  of  exposure  therapy  did  not  predict  learning,  but  higher  positive  affect  predicted  greater  learning  on  a  given  exposure  trial.  This  effect  appeared  to  be  driven  by  exposure  trials  where  participants  reported  high  within-person  positive  affect  and  lower  expectations  of  US  occurrence.  Reward  sensitivity,  positive  affect,  and  learning  did  not  predict  exposure  therapy  outcomes.Study  2  examined  whether  the  self-reported  positive  emotional  experience  of  relief  predicted  subsequent  learning  during  exposure.  As  with  learning,  relief  was  measured  in  two  ways  using  both  observed  and  computational  modeling  indices.  Study  2  also  examined  whether  individual  differences  in  reward  sensitivity  and  positive  affect  predicted  this  subjective  experience  of  relief,  and  explored  whether  learning  and  relief  in  turn  predicted  exposure  outcomes.  Study  2  found  that  the  observed  index  of  relief  did  not  predict  learning  on  the  subsequent  exposure  trial,  but  faster  changes  in  relief  did  predict  faster  subsequent  changes  in  learning  using  computational  modeling.  Reward  sensitivity  and  positive  affect  prior  to  a  series  of  exposures  did  not  predict  changes  in  relief,  but  higher  positive  affect  predicted  greater  relief  on  a  given  exposure  trial.  Faster  changes  in  learning  on  both  indices,  but  not  relief,  predicted  lower  public  speaking  anxiety  symptoms  at  the  end  of  the  study.Study  3  examined  whether  reward  sensitivity  and  positive  affect  could  be  manipulated  in  the  context  of  exposure  by  comparing  a  positive  rehearsal  exercise  with  a  neutral  rehearsal  exercise  during  exposure.  Specifically,  Study  3  compared  group  differences  in  overall  exposure  outcomes,  learning  across  observed  and  computational  modeling  indices,  and  self-reported  relief  across  observed  and  computational  modeling  indices.  Study  3  found  that  public  speaking  anxiety  symptoms  significantly  decreased  across  the  study,  with  no  group  differences.  On  the  observed  index  of  learning,  expectations  of  US  occurrence  significantly  decreased  across  the  study  for  both  groups,  but  this  decrease  was  significantly  faster  for  the  neutral  rehearsal  group.  There  were  no  group  differences  using  computational  modeling  of  learning.  On  the  observed  index  of  relief,  relief  significantly  decreased  for  the  positive  rehearsal  group  but  not  the  neutral  rehearsal  group.  There  were  no  group  differences  using  computational  modeling  of  relief,  though  relief  rate  of  change  did  increase  across  the  study.  Reward  sensitivity  significantly  increased  across  the  study,  with  no  group  differences.  There  was  no  significant  change  or  group  difference  in  positive  affect.Together,  findings  suggest  that  relief  may  indeed  influence  future  learning,  but  does  not  itself  directly  influence  overall  exposure  outcomes.  Clinical  strategies  aimed  at  enhancing  state  positive  affect  prior  to  an  exposure  may  be  most  influential  for  US  expectancy  updating  and  relief,  which  in  turn  may  be  most  likely  to  enhance  exposure  outcomes.  Both  positive  and  neutral  rehearsal  strategies  appear  to  be  effective  in  reducing  anxiety  symptoms  during  exposure,  though  neutral  rehearsal  may  impact  outcomes  via  changes  in  US  expectancy  only,  whereas  positive  rehearsal  may  impact  outcomes  via  changes  in  US  expectancy  and  relief.  Overall,  the  current  studies  support  the  importance  of  reward  processes  and  positive  emotions  on  learning  during  exposure.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0031.
■650  4▼aClinical  psychology
■650  4▼aPsychology
■650  4▼aMental  health
■653    ▼aAnxiety  disorders
■653    ▼aAversive  outcome
■653    ▼aConditional  stimulus
■653    ▼aUS  occurrence
■653    ▼aExposure  therapy
■690    ▼a0622
■690    ▼a0621
■690    ▼a0347
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Los  Angeles▼bPsychology  0780.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0031
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358991▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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