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Illuminating Exposure Pathways for Infectious Disease Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, With a Focus on South Asia
Illuminating Exposure Pathways for Infectious Disease Transmission in Low- and Middle-Inco...
Illuminating Exposure Pathways for Infectious Disease Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, With a Focus on South Asia

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104843
ISBN  
9798293892815
DDC  
613
저자명  
Islam, Mahfuza.
서명/저자  
Illuminating Exposure Pathways for Infectious Disease Transmission in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, With a Focus on South Asia
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
175 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Kwong, Laura H.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), diarrheal illness is a major cause of illness and death and is responsible for approximately 10% of deaths in children under five in South Asia. The transmission of fecal pathogens through a range of environmental pathways, such as human and animal feces, fingers, fields, flies, fluids, and food. Objective data on sanitation behavior helps quantify how frequently individuals are exposed to or avoid contact with human feces, providing crucial insight into pathways of environmental contamination and disease transmission. One common source of animal feces is cows. Cow dung is frequently used and viewed as a beneficial resource in rural parts of LMICs, particularly among Hindus, for whom all cow products hold religious value. Women typically handle cow dung with their bare hands, sometimes interacting with children without washing their hands beforehand. As such, information on the prevalence and frequency of cow dung usage could provide information on children's exposure to cow dung. Direct drinking water intake is also a critical factor in assessing exposure to waterborne contaminants and understanding hydration patterns. Understanding drinking water intake is essential for accurately assessing health risks from waterborne contaminants particularly in LMICs, where water is more likely to be microbiologically or chemically contaminated. To advance risk assessment, this systematic review reports daily direct drinking water intake in LMICs and explores differences based on age, sex, geographical location, and socioeconomic factors. South Asia is also recognized as hotspots for the emergence and spread of infectious diseases given occasional consumption of wildlife and relatively high population densities in urban and rural areas. Social interaction patterns are key determinants of infectious disease transmission; population-specific information is necessary for accurate transmission models. However, there is limited data on social contact patterns in LMICs. In Chapter 1, I objectively measured latrine use with sensors among households enrolled in the sanitation and control groups of a randomized controlled trial (WASH Benefits) in Bangladesh, where the intervention provided upgraded latrines and behavioral promotion. Latrine use is important to measure because even a small number of non-users can continue to contaminate the environment, limiting health gains from increased sanitation coverage. I found that recipients of the sanitation intervention initially used latrines more frequently than control households. However, latrine use declined over time. While self-reported use was moderately accurate among control households, it was less reliable among intervention households, likely due to social desirability bias. The findings emphasize the need for repeated, objective measurements-especially in communities exposed to behavior change campaigns-to more accurately assess sanitation uptake.In Chapter 2, I qualitatively explored the perceived benefits and risks of cow feces and cow feces management, with particular attention to religious differences. The findings of this study highlight the multifaceted roles of cow dung and cow urine within traditional Hindu practices, particularly their use for purification, health, and sustainability. Deeply rooted in religious beliefs and associated with the goddess Lakshmi, these substances are used for purification, health remedies (such as panchagavya), and maintaining sacred spaces. Participants emphasized their role in cleansing environments and promoting spiritual well-being, though some now prefer less direct applications (e.g., sprinkling instead of consuming). Beyond rituals, cow dung is widely valued as a building material, fertilizer, and fuel. While modern housing and chemical fertilizers have reduced some traditional uses, cow dung remains essential for its insulating properties, soil fertility, and contribution to sustainable agriculture. Many farmers supplement dung with minimal chemical inputs, though concerns about long-term soil degradation persist. Perceptions of cow dung's impact on health varied. While some respondents acknowledged risks such as diarrhea and insect-borne diseases, most did not view it as hazardous, instead linking illness to other causes. Hygiene practices were noted as risk mitigation strategies, though traditional beliefs in cow dung's medicinal and purifying properties often outweighed concerns. Findings from this study may reduce the risk of disease transmission and the burden of waterborne diseases and gastrointestinal illnesses.In Chapter 3, I conducted a systematic review of direct drinking water intake in LMICs and assessed variation across geographies, sex, ages, and socioeconomic groups to support accurate risk assessment and regulation of drinking water contamination in LMICs. The study found that daily water intake varied more widely among adults than other age groups, likely due to diverse lifestyles, occupations, and environmental exposures. A small number of adults consumed significantly more water, contributing to a positively skewed distribution. Adolescents showed moderate variation in intake, while children had the most consistent water consumption, suggesting more uniform hydration habits-likely influenced by parental control, routine diets, and fewer external factors like physical exertion or environmental conditions. Our findings also reveal notable sex-based differences in direct drinking water intake across various LMICs. In most studies, males tended to consume more water than females, particularly in adolescent and adult age groups. Water intake patterns in LMICs differ notably between urban and rural areas and are influenced by socioeconomic and educational factors. Rural communities often lack access to treated water and rely on unsafe sources like shallow wells, while urban residents may face risks from aging infrastructure and rusty pipes that contaminates municipal supplies. Socioeconomic status played a complex role in water intake. In some contexts, higher income was linked to greater access to safe water, while in others, data is insufficient. Education level was a more consistent predictor-those with higher education tend to consume more water, likely due to greater awareness of hydration needs and better access to safe water.In Chapter 4, I documented social mixing patterns in densely populated rural Bangladesh to inform transmission models. By identifying populations at high risk due to their social contact patterns, this study also has implications for risk reduction strategies. This study identified several high-contact settings, such as markets, mosques, schools, homes, and transportation. Mosques, particularly during Jumma prayers and religious events, present significant risk for respiratory diseases due to participants' close physical proximity. School-aged children (5-19 years) reported the highest number of non-household contacts, suggesting that schools are likely major transmission hubs. Adult males had more non-household interactions than females, especially in markets and mosques, while social mixing was more common within the same sex. Limited interaction between children and older adults was observed, likely due to living arrangements that reduce intergenerational contact. These findings offer valuable insights for improving disease transmission models and guiding targeted public health interventions in rural contexts.
일반주제명  
Environmental health
일반주제명  
Epidemiology
일반주제명  
South Asian studies
일반주제명  
Environmental science
키워드  
Animal feces
키워드  
Environmental exposures
키워드  
Health risks
키워드  
Infectious disease
키워드  
Sanitation behavior
키워드  
South Asia
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Environmental Health Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aIslam,  Mahfuza.
■24510▼aIlluminating  Exposure  Pathways  for  Infectious  Disease  Transmission  in  Low-  and  Middle-Income  Countries,  With  a  Focus  on  South  Asia
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a175  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-04,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Kwong,  Laura  H.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aIn  low-  and  middle-income  countries  (LMICs),  diarrheal  illness  is  a  major  cause  of  illness  and  death  and  is  responsible  for  approximately  10%  of  deaths  in  children  under  five  in  South  Asia.  The  transmission  of  fecal  pathogens  through  a  range  of  environmental  pathways,  such  as  human  and  animal  feces,  fingers,  fields,  flies,  fluids,  and  food.  Objective  data  on  sanitation  behavior  helps  quantify  how  frequently  individuals  are  exposed  to  or  avoid  contact  with  human  feces,  providing  crucial  insight  into  pathways  of  environmental  contamination  and  disease  transmission.  One  common  source  of  animal  feces  is  cows.  Cow  dung  is  frequently  used  and  viewed  as  a  beneficial  resource  in  rural  parts  of  LMICs,  particularly  among  Hindus,  for  whom  all  cow  products  hold  religious  value.  Women  typically  handle  cow  dung  with  their  bare  hands,  sometimes  interacting  with  children  without  washing  their  hands  beforehand.  As  such,  information  on  the  prevalence  and  frequency  of  cow  dung  usage  could  provide  information  on  children's  exposure  to  cow  dung.  Direct  drinking  water  intake  is  also  a  critical  factor  in  assessing  exposure  to  waterborne  contaminants  and  understanding  hydration  patterns.  Understanding  drinking  water  intake  is  essential  for  accurately  assessing  health  risks  from  waterborne  contaminants  particularly  in  LMICs,  where  water  is  more  likely  to  be  microbiologically  or  chemically  contaminated.  To  advance  risk  assessment,  this  systematic  review  reports  daily  direct  drinking  water  intake  in  LMICs  and  explores  differences  based  on  age,  sex,  geographical  location,  and  socioeconomic  factors.  South  Asia  is  also  recognized  as  hotspots  for  the  emergence  and  spread  of  infectious  diseases  given  occasional  consumption  of  wildlife  and  relatively  high  population  densities  in  urban  and  rural  areas.  Social  interaction  patterns  are  key  determinants  of  infectious  disease  transmission;  population-specific  information  is  necessary  for  accurate  transmission  models.  However,  there  is  limited  data  on  social  contact  patterns  in  LMICs.  In  Chapter  1,  I  objectively  measured  latrine  use  with  sensors  among  households  enrolled  in  the  sanitation  and  control  groups  of  a  randomized  controlled  trial  (WASH  Benefits)  in  Bangladesh,  where  the  intervention  provided  upgraded  latrines  and  behavioral  promotion.  Latrine  use  is  important  to  measure  because  even  a  small  number  of  non-users  can  continue  to  contaminate  the  environment,  limiting  health  gains  from  increased  sanitation  coverage.  I  found  that  recipients  of  the  sanitation  intervention  initially  used  latrines  more  frequently  than  control  households.  However,  latrine  use  declined  over  time.  While  self-reported  use  was  moderately  accurate  among  control  households,  it  was  less  reliable  among  intervention  households,  likely  due  to  social  desirability  bias.  The  findings  emphasize  the  need  for  repeated,  objective  measurements-especially  in  communities  exposed  to  behavior  change  campaigns-to  more  accurately  assess  sanitation  uptake.In  Chapter  2,  I  qualitatively  explored  the  perceived  benefits  and  risks  of  cow  feces  and  cow  feces  management,  with  particular  attention  to  religious  differences.  The  findings  of  this  study  highlight  the  multifaceted  roles  of  cow  dung  and  cow  urine  within  traditional  Hindu  practices,  particularly  their  use  for  purification,  health,  and  sustainability.  Deeply  rooted  in  religious  beliefs  and  associated  with  the  goddess  Lakshmi,  these  substances  are  used  for  purification,  health  remedies  (such  as  panchagavya),  and  maintaining  sacred  spaces.  Participants  emphasized  their  role  in  cleansing  environments  and  promoting  spiritual  well-being,  though  some  now  prefer  less  direct  applications  (e.g.,  sprinkling  instead  of  consuming).  Beyond  rituals,  cow  dung  is  widely  valued  as  a  building  material,  fertilizer,  and  fuel.  While  modern  housing  and  chemical  fertilizers  have  reduced  some  traditional  uses,  cow  dung  remains  essential  for  its  insulating  properties,  soil  fertility,  and  contribution  to  sustainable  agriculture.  Many  farmers  supplement  dung  with  minimal  chemical  inputs,  though  concerns  about  long-term  soil  degradation  persist.  Perceptions  of  cow  dung's  impact  on  health  varied.  While  some  respondents  acknowledged  risks  such  as  diarrhea  and  insect-borne  diseases,  most  did  not  view  it  as  hazardous,  instead  linking  illness  to  other  causes.  Hygiene  practices  were  noted  as  risk  mitigation  strategies,  though  traditional  beliefs  in  cow  dung's  medicinal  and  purifying  properties  often  outweighed  concerns.  Findings  from  this  study  may  reduce  the  risk  of  disease  transmission  and  the  burden  of  waterborne  diseases  and  gastrointestinal  illnesses.In  Chapter  3,  I  conducted  a  systematic  review  of  direct  drinking  water  intake  in  LMICs  and  assessed  variation  across  geographies,  sex,  ages,  and  socioeconomic  groups  to  support  accurate  risk  assessment  and  regulation  of  drinking  water  contamination  in  LMICs.  The  study  found  that  daily  water  intake  varied  more  widely  among  adults  than  other  age  groups,  likely  due  to  diverse  lifestyles,  occupations,  and  environmental  exposures.  A  small  number  of  adults  consumed  significantly  more  water,  contributing  to  a  positively  skewed  distribution.  Adolescents  showed  moderate  variation  in  intake,  while  children  had  the  most  consistent  water  consumption,  suggesting  more  uniform  hydration  habits-likely  influenced  by  parental  control,  routine  diets,  and  fewer  external  factors  like  physical  exertion  or  environmental  conditions.  Our  findings  also  reveal  notable  sex-based  differences  in  direct  drinking  water  intake  across  various  LMICs.  In  most  studies,  males  tended  to  consume  more  water  than  females,  particularly  in  adolescent  and  adult  age  groups.  Water  intake  patterns  in  LMICs  differ  notably  between  urban  and  rural  areas  and  are  influenced  by  socioeconomic  and  educational  factors.  Rural  communities  often  lack  access  to  treated  water  and  rely  on  unsafe  sources  like  shallow  wells,  while  urban  residents  may  face  risks  from  aging  infrastructure  and  rusty  pipes  that  contaminates  municipal  supplies.  Socioeconomic  status  played  a  complex  role  in  water  intake.  In  some  contexts,  higher  income  was  linked  to  greater  access  to  safe  water,  while  in  others,  data  is  insufficient.  Education  level  was  a  more  consistent  predictor-those  with  higher  education  tend  to  consume  more  water,  likely  due  to  greater  awareness  of  hydration  needs  and  better  access  to  safe  water.In  Chapter  4,  I  documented  social  mixing  patterns  in  densely  populated  rural  Bangladesh  to  inform  transmission  models.  By  identifying  populations  at  high  risk  due  to  their  social  contact  patterns,  this  study  also  has  implications  for  risk  reduction  strategies.  This  study  identified  several  high-contact  settings,  such  as  markets,  mosques,  schools,  homes,  and  transportation.  Mosques,  particularly  during  Jumma  prayers  and  religious  events,  present  significant  risk  for  respiratory  diseases  due  to  participants'  close  physical  proximity.  School-aged  children  (5-19  years)  reported  the  highest  number  of  non-household  contacts,  suggesting  that  schools  are  likely  major  transmission  hubs.  Adult  males  had  more  non-household  interactions  than  females,  especially  in  markets  and  mosques,  while  social  mixing  was  more  common  within  the  same  sex.  Limited  interaction  between  children  and  older  adults  was  observed,  likely  due  to  living  arrangements  that  reduce  intergenerational  contact.  These  findings  offer  valuable  insights  for  improving  disease  transmission  models  and  guiding  targeted  public  health  interventions  in  rural  contexts.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  health
■650  4▼aEpidemiology
■650  4▼aSouth  Asian  studies
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  science
■653    ▼aAnimal  feces
■653    ▼aEnvironmental  exposures
■653    ▼aHealth  risks
■653    ▼aInfectious  disease
■653    ▼aSanitation  behavior
■653    ▼aSouth  Asia
■690    ▼a0470
■690    ▼a0766
■690    ▼a0768
■690    ▼a0638
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bEnvironmental  Health  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-04A.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359161▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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