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Biomolecular Engineering of Gas Vesicles with Thiol Functionality
Biomolecular Engineering of Gas Vesicles with Thiol Functionality
Biomolecular Engineering of Gas Vesicles with Thiol Functionality

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104752
ISBN  
9798290657202
DDC  
574
저자명  
Schrunk, Erik.
서명/저자  
Biomolecular Engineering of Gas Vesicles with Thiol Functionality
발행사항  
[Sl] : California Institute of Technology, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
77 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Shapiro, Mikhail.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--California Institute of Technology, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Therapies involving the administration of engineered cells, such as CAR-T cell therapy and the delivery of genetically modified gut microbes, have enjoyed clinical success and increasing interest in recent years. While these therapies continue to show great promise, the opacity of tissue precludes the use of light in the observation and potential manipulation of these engineered cells as they carry out their functions within the body. To access these cells non-invasively in deep tissue requires the use of imaging modalities that do not involve light, of which ultrasound (US) is especially appealing due to its relatively low cost, safety, and widespread availability. Engineered cells can exhibit US contrast by expressing gas vesicles (GVs), air-filled polymeric proteinaceous nanostructures; GVs have already been used as acoustic reporters for gut colonization, tumor cell activity, and more.Whereas GVs are most notable for their acoustic properties, we set out to further expand the function of GVs by chemically modifying them at the genetic level. Our goals were twofold: we wished to equip the external, solution-facing side of GVs with a unique chemical handle; and we wished to hide a reactive group within the internal, air-facing side of GVs that could only be revealed when the GV structures are irreversibly collapsed. To accomplish both these goals, we chose to incorporate cysteine into the shell of GVs because cysteine's thiol side chain is chemically unique among all natural amino acids and because wild-type GVs do not contain cysteine in their shells. We set up a cysteine scanning mutant library of the GV shell protein, GvpA/GvpA1, and screened for cysteine-tolerant mutations in the gene. Through this process, we discovered cysteine substitutions that furnished thiol groups facing both the GV exterior and interior.The GV-exterior-facing cysteines were leveraged to develop a modified GvpA that contains the bioorthogonal six amino acid tetracysteine tag, or TC tag. The TC tag reacts with the membrane-permeable molecule FlAsH, which becomes fluorescent upon reaction. We used TC-tagged GvpA, or tcGvpA, to express GVs in HEK 293T cells, and used confocal microscopy of FlAsH to study those GVs. Notably, we only substituted a small percentage of GvpA to tcGvpA, leaving the rest of the GvpA as wild type; to our knowledge, this is the only report of a polymeric proteinaceous structure that employs this chimeric assembly approach being successfully expressed and labeled with FlAsH. The microscopy results from this study were used to generate three-dimensional renderings that provided insights into the size and positioning of GV clusters expressed within HEK 293T cells.Second, we identified several interior-facing cysteine mutants to the GV shell protein GvpA1, which we used to develop "SonoCages": chemical entities whose reactivity is gated by US. We purified GVs with one mutation from our screen, V47C, and reacted them with monobromobimane (mBBr), a fluorogenic, thiol-reactive molecule. The mutant GVs only reacted with mBBr after treatment with US, which collapsed the GVs and exposed their hydrophobic interiors to the bulk solution. Thus, we had developed thiol-bearing SonoCages whose cysteines could only engage in reactions after US-mediated collapse of the GVs-a process we call "sono-uncaging" in analogy to photo-uncaging. We further demonstrated the utility of SonoCages by preparing a hydrogel containing SonoCages and mBBr and using US to create fluorescent patterns corresponding to regions of GV collapse.The work presented in this thesis not only demonstrates the functionalization of the GV interior and exterior, but also establishes a framework through which further modifications can be performed. Whereas we used cysteine as our reactive chemical of choice, other amino acids (including non-canonical amino acids) could be used to explore a much wider library of reactivities. The vast potential of GV chemical modification, along with the amazing results from the rest of the Shapiro Lab and in labs across the world, serves as a reminder that GVs and GV-based technologies are not just a bubble (pun intended)-they are going to be around for a long time.
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
일반주제명  
Biochemistry
일반주제명  
Cancer therapies
일반주제명  
Mutation
일반주제명  
Bacteria
일반주제명  
Labeling
일반주제명  
Amino acids
일반주제명  
E coli
일반주제명  
Genes
일반주제명  
Visualization
일반주제명  
Plasmids
일반주제명  
Cells
일반주제명  
Cavitation
일반주제명  
Microscopy
일반주제명  
Genetic engineering
일반주제명  
Libraries
일반주제명  
Acoustics
일반주제명  
Microorganisms
일반주제명  
Ultrasonic imaging
기타저자  
California Institute of Technology Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aSchrunk,  Erik.
■24510▼aBiomolecular  Engineering  of  Gas  Vesicles  with  Thiol  Functionality
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bCalifornia  Institute  of  Technology▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a77  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Shapiro,  Mikhail.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--California  Institute  of  Technology,  2025.
■520    ▼aTherapies  involving  the  administration  of  engineered  cells,  such  as  CAR-T  cell  therapy  and  the  delivery  of  genetically  modified  gut  microbes,  have  enjoyed  clinical  success  and  increasing  interest  in  recent  years.  While  these  therapies  continue  to  show  great  promise,  the  opacity  of  tissue  precludes  the  use  of  light  in  the  observation  and  potential  manipulation  of  these  engineered  cells  as  they  carry  out  their  functions  within  the  body.  To  access  these  cells  non-invasively  in  deep  tissue  requires  the  use  of  imaging  modalities  that  do  not  involve  light,  of  which  ultrasound  (US)  is  especially  appealing  due  to  its  relatively  low  cost,  safety,  and  widespread  availability.  Engineered  cells  can  exhibit  US  contrast  by  expressing  gas  vesicles  (GVs),  air-filled  polymeric  proteinaceous  nanostructures;  GVs  have  already  been  used  as  acoustic  reporters  for  gut  colonization,  tumor  cell  activity,  and  more.Whereas  GVs  are  most  notable  for  their  acoustic  properties,  we  set  out  to  further  expand  the  function  of  GVs  by  chemically  modifying  them  at  the  genetic  level.  Our  goals  were  twofold:  we  wished  to  equip  the  external,  solution-facing  side  of  GVs  with  a  unique  chemical  handle;  and  we  wished  to  hide  a  reactive  group  within  the  internal,  air-facing  side  of  GVs  that  could  only  be  revealed  when  the  GV  structures  are  irreversibly  collapsed.  To  accomplish  both  these  goals,  we  chose  to  incorporate  cysteine  into  the  shell  of  GVs  because  cysteine's  thiol  side  chain  is  chemically  unique  among  all  natural  amino  acids  and  because  wild-type  GVs  do  not  contain  cysteine  in  their  shells.  We  set  up  a  cysteine  scanning  mutant  library  of  the  GV  shell  protein,  GvpA/GvpA1,  and  screened  for  cysteine-tolerant  mutations  in  the  gene.  Through  this  process,  we  discovered  cysteine  substitutions  that  furnished  thiol  groups  facing  both  the  GV  exterior  and  interior.The  GV-exterior-facing  cysteines  were  leveraged  to  develop  a  modified  GvpA  that  contains  the  bioorthogonal  six  amino  acid  tetracysteine  tag,  or  TC  tag.  The  TC  tag  reacts  with  the  membrane-permeable  molecule  FlAsH,  which  becomes  fluorescent  upon  reaction.  We  used  TC-tagged  GvpA,  or  tcGvpA,  to  express  GVs  in  HEK  293T  cells,  and  used  confocal  microscopy  of  FlAsH  to  study  those  GVs.  Notably,  we  only  substituted  a  small  percentage  of  GvpA  to  tcGvpA,  leaving  the  rest  of  the  GvpA  as  wild  type;  to  our  knowledge,  this  is  the  only  report  of  a  polymeric  proteinaceous  structure  that  employs  this  chimeric  assembly  approach  being  successfully  expressed  and  labeled  with  FlAsH.  The  microscopy  results  from  this  study  were  used  to  generate  three-dimensional  renderings  that  provided  insights  into  the  size  and  positioning  of  GV  clusters  expressed  within  HEK  293T  cells.Second,  we  identified  several  interior-facing  cysteine  mutants  to  the  GV  shell  protein  GvpA1,  which  we  used  to  develop  "SonoCages":  chemical  entities  whose  reactivity  is  gated  by  US.  We  purified  GVs  with  one  mutation  from  our  screen,  V47C,  and  reacted  them  with  monobromobimane  (mBBr),  a  fluorogenic,  thiol-reactive  molecule.  The  mutant  GVs  only  reacted  with  mBBr  after  treatment  with  US,  which  collapsed  the  GVs  and  exposed  their  hydrophobic  interiors  to  the  bulk  solution.  Thus,  we  had  developed  thiol-bearing  SonoCages  whose  cysteines  could  only  engage  in  reactions  after  US-mediated  collapse  of  the  GVs-a  process  we  call  "sono-uncaging"  in  analogy  to  photo-uncaging.  We  further  demonstrated  the  utility  of  SonoCages  by  preparing  a  hydrogel  containing  SonoCages  and  mBBr  and  using  US  to  create  fluorescent  patterns  corresponding  to  regions  of  GV  collapse.The  work  presented  in  this  thesis  not  only  demonstrates  the  functionalization  of  the  GV  interior  and  exterior,  but  also  establishes  a  framework  through  which  further  modifications  can  be  performed.  Whereas  we  used  cysteine  as  our  reactive  chemical  of  choice,  other  amino  acids  (including  non-canonical  amino  acids)  could  be  used  to  explore  a  much  wider  library  of  reactivities.  The  vast  potential  of  GV  chemical  modification,  along  with  the  amazing  results  from  the  rest  of  the  Shapiro  Lab  and  in  labs  across  the  world,  serves  as  a  reminder  that  GVs  and  GV-based  technologies  are  not  just  a  bubble  (pun  intended)-they  are  going  to  be  around  for  a  long  time.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0037.
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■650  4▼aBiochemistry
■650  4▼aCancer  therapies
■650  4▼aMutation
■650  4▼aBacteria
■650  4▼aLabeling
■650  4▼aAmino  acids
■650  4▼aE  coli
■650  4▼aGenes
■650  4▼aVisualization
■650  4▼aPlasmids
■650  4▼aCells
■650  4▼aCavitation
■650  4▼aMicroscopy
■650  4▼aGenetic  engineering
■650  4▼aLibraries
■650  4▼aAcoustics
■650  4▼aMicroorganisms
■650  4▼aUltrasonic  imaging
■690    ▼a0487
■690    ▼a0986
■690    ▼a0307
■71020▼aCalifornia  Institute  of  Technology▼bChemistry  and  Chemical  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0037
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358790▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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