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Statistical Methods for Improving Real-Time Outbreak Detection
Statistical Methods for Improving Real-Time Outbreak Detection
Statistical Methods for Improving Real-Time Outbreak Detection

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103602
ISBN  
9798280719255
DDC  
574
저자명  
Gopaluni, Anuraag.
서명/저자  
Statistical Methods for Improving Real-Time Outbreak Detection
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
214 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Irizarry, Rafael.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Real-time outbreak detection in resource-constrained settings requires robust statistical methods that can account for aberrations in historical data, reporting delays in the most recent observations, and dynamic changes in transmission trends. This dissertation develops and evaluates outbreak detection frameworks that address these practical challenges using simulation-based evaluation, real-world data applications, and flexible statistical modeling.Chapter 1 investigates the impact of historical anomalies-termed ``aberrations''-on the performance of rolling outbreak detection methods applied to health management information system (HMIS) data. Motivated by five years of acute respiratory infection (ARI) surveillance data from Liberia, we simulate outbreaks under seven distinct data-generating mechanisms varying in trend and seasonality. We assess five detection algorithms: EARS, Farrington, Holt-Winters, and two Weinberger-Fulcher (WF) models (negative binomial and quasipoisson). Detection accuracy is measured through sensitivity, specificity, and pseudo-ROC curves, under varied aberration timing and outbreak size. We find that the presence of recent aberrations in the baseline degrades performance across models, with context-specific tradeoffs: EARS and WF models perform well in the absence of recent anomalies; WF QP and Holt-Winters maintain better balance between sensitivity and specificity when recent aberrations are present; and Farrington achieves high sensitivity but lower specificity in these settings. These results offer practical guidance for selecting rolling detection models under imperfect baseline conditions common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).Chapter 2 develops a novel frequentist framework for real-time nowcasting of all-cause mortality under reporting delays, using Massachusetts death registration data from 2017 to 2022. Reporting delays are modeled via a discrete-time survival model that incorporates covariates such as day of the week, lag, and snapshot date to flexibly capture evolving delay patterns. Using method-of-moments estimation, we correct underreported death counts, propagate delay uncertainty into variance estimates, and apply LOESS smoothing to stabilize predictions for the most recent days. Variance from both the delay model and smoothing step is incorporated into predictive intervals. Compared to leading Bayesian and spline-based nowcasting methods, including hierarchical Bayesian models, NobBS, EpiNowcast, and GAM approaches, our method achieves superior empirical coverage, lower bias, and narrower interval widths, particularly during the early pandemic phase when reporting delays exhibited sharp day-of-week effects. Explicit modeling of day-of-week reporting behavior substantially improved accuracy relative to approaches that omitted temporal covariates, and the method remained robust to shifts in the reporting distribution across time.Chapter 3 extends this delay correction framework by integrating nowcasting with slope-based outbreak detection in a unified two-stage approach. Using molecular-confirmed COVID-19 case data from Puerto Rico, we estimate unreported cases via a discrete-time hazard model and then fit a slope-based detection model using generalized estimating equations (GEE), incorporating nowcast-derived variances as observation-level weights. We conduct a simulation study varying epidemic wave intensity, reporting delay speed, and baseline structure---including both stable and declining post-wave baselines---to evaluate time to detection, false positive rate, and calibration across models. We benchmark against the Farrington algorithm, Rt-based detection, and the Weinberger-Fulcher model. Our slope-based GEE approach consistently achieves faster and more reliable detection, particularly under low and medium wave scenarios with reporting delays, while maintaining strong calibration across a range of nominal alpha levels. The method also performs well when applied to real-world Puerto Rico data, issuing timely signals across three distinct epidemic waves.Together, these chapters provide a comprehensive statistical toolkit for outbreak detection under the operational constraints of incomplete, delayed, and aberration-prone surveillance data. The approaches developed are computationally efficient, modular, and applicable across diverse epidemiological contexts, with particular relevance for LMICs and subnational surveillance systems.
일반주제명  
Biostatistics
일반주제명  
Epidemiology
키워드  
COVID-19
키워드  
Low- and middle-income countries
키워드  
Nowcasting
키워드  
Outbreak detection
키워드  
Real-time monitoring
키워드  
Syndromic surveillance
기타저자  
Harvard University Biostatistics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aGopaluni,  Anuraag.▼0(orcid)0000-0002-8968-2612
■24510▼aStatistical  Methods  for  Improving  Real-Time  Outbreak  Detection
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a214  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Irizarry,  Rafael.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aReal-time  outbreak  detection  in  resource-constrained  settings  requires  robust  statistical  methods  that  can  account  for  aberrations  in  historical  data,  reporting  delays  in  the  most  recent  observations,  and  dynamic  changes  in  transmission  trends.  This  dissertation  develops  and  evaluates  outbreak  detection  frameworks  that  address  these  practical  challenges  using  simulation-based  evaluation,  real-world  data  applications,  and  flexible  statistical  modeling.Chapter  1  investigates  the  impact  of  historical  anomalies-termed  ``aberrations''-on  the  performance  of  rolling  outbreak  detection  methods  applied  to  health  management  information  system  (HMIS)  data.  Motivated  by  five  years  of  acute  respiratory  infection  (ARI)  surveillance  data  from  Liberia,  we  simulate  outbreaks  under  seven  distinct  data-generating  mechanisms  varying  in  trend  and  seasonality.  We  assess  five  detection  algorithms:  EARS,  Farrington,  Holt-Winters,  and  two  Weinberger-Fulcher  (WF)  models  (negative  binomial  and  quasipoisson).  Detection  accuracy  is  measured  through  sensitivity,  specificity,  and  pseudo-ROC  curves,  under  varied  aberration  timing  and  outbreak  size.  We  find  that  the  presence  of  recent  aberrations  in  the  baseline  degrades  performance  across  models,  with  context-specific  tradeoffs:  EARS  and  WF  models  perform  well  in  the  absence  of  recent  anomalies;  WF  QP  and  Holt-Winters  maintain  better  balance  between  sensitivity  and  specificity  when  recent  aberrations  are  present;  and  Farrington  achieves  high  sensitivity  but  lower  specificity  in  these  settings.  These  results  offer  practical  guidance  for  selecting  rolling  detection  models  under  imperfect  baseline  conditions  common  in  low-  and  middle-income  countries  (LMICs).Chapter  2  develops  a  novel  frequentist  framework  for  real-time  nowcasting  of  all-cause  mortality  under  reporting  delays,  using  Massachusetts  death  registration  data  from  2017  to  2022.  Reporting  delays  are  modeled  via  a  discrete-time  survival  model  that  incorporates  covariates  such  as  day  of  the  week,  lag,  and  snapshot  date  to  flexibly  capture  evolving  delay  patterns.  Using  method-of-moments  estimation,  we  correct  underreported  death  counts,  propagate  delay  uncertainty  into  variance  estimates,  and  apply  LOESS  smoothing  to  stabilize  predictions  for  the  most  recent  days.  Variance  from  both  the  delay  model  and  smoothing  step  is  incorporated  into  predictive  intervals.  Compared  to  leading  Bayesian  and  spline-based  nowcasting  methods,  including  hierarchical  Bayesian  models,  NobBS,  EpiNowcast,  and  GAM  approaches,  our  method  achieves  superior  empirical  coverage,  lower  bias,  and  narrower  interval  widths,  particularly  during  the  early  pandemic  phase  when  reporting  delays  exhibited  sharp  day-of-week  effects.  Explicit  modeling  of  day-of-week  reporting  behavior  substantially  improved  accuracy  relative  to  approaches  that  omitted  temporal  covariates,  and  the  method  remained  robust  to  shifts  in  the  reporting  distribution  across  time.Chapter  3  extends  this  delay  correction  framework  by  integrating  nowcasting  with  slope-based  outbreak  detection  in  a  unified  two-stage  approach.  Using  molecular-confirmed  COVID-19  case  data  from  Puerto  Rico,  we  estimate  unreported  cases  via  a  discrete-time  hazard  model  and  then  fit  a  slope-based  detection  model  using  generalized  estimating  equations  (GEE),  incorporating  nowcast-derived  variances  as  observation-level  weights.  We  conduct  a  simulation  study  varying  epidemic  wave  intensity,  reporting  delay  speed,  and  baseline  structure---including  both  stable  and  declining  post-wave  baselines---to  evaluate  time  to  detection,  false  positive  rate,  and  calibration  across  models.  We  benchmark  against  the  Farrington  algorithm,  Rt-based  detection,  and  the  Weinberger-Fulcher  model.  Our  slope-based  GEE  approach  consistently  achieves  faster  and  more  reliable  detection,  particularly  under  low  and  medium  wave  scenarios  with  reporting  delays,  while  maintaining  strong  calibration  across  a  range  of  nominal  alpha  levels.  The  method  also  performs  well  when  applied  to  real-world  Puerto  Rico  data,  issuing  timely  signals  across  three  distinct  epidemic  waves.Together,  these  chapters  provide  a  comprehensive  statistical  toolkit  for  outbreak  detection  under  the  operational  constraints  of  incomplete,  delayed,  and  aberration-prone  surveillance  data.  The  approaches  developed  are  computationally  efficient,  modular,  and  applicable  across  diverse  epidemiological  contexts,  with  particular  relevance  for  LMICs  and  subnational  surveillance  systems.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aBiostatistics
■650  4▼aEpidemiology
■653    ▼aCOVID-19
■653    ▼aLow-  and  middle-income  countries
■653    ▼aNowcasting
■653    ▼aOutbreak  detection
■653    ▼aReal-time  monitoring
■653    ▼aSyndromic  surveillance
■690    ▼a0308
■690    ▼a0766
■690    ▼a0769
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bBiostatistics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357805▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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