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Three Essays on Payments for Behavior Changes
Three Essays on Payments for Behavior Changes
Three Essays on Payments for Behavior Changes

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103603
ISBN  
9798288862618
DDC  
385
저자명  
Jackson, Connor P.
서명/저자  
Three Essays on Payments for Behavior Changes
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
136 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Sallee, James.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약In the face of climate inaction, policymakers and climate activists have been more frequently turning toward policies which may not be the most efficient or effective, but enjoy much broader political support and face less resistance. Often, these policies take the form of subsidies for reductions in undesirable outcomes. In this research, we explore three such policies in three different sectors.Our first setting is in electricity markets, where extreme heat pushes the electric grid to the edge of its capacity on certain critical days. We estimate the effectiveness, cost, and welfare consequences of a large scale residential electricity demand response subsidy program in California in 2022. We find that enrolled customers reduce consumption by 55 watts in our preferred specification, but the high degree of non-additional payments yield a program cost of $12.46 per kWh of reduction, while wholesale electricity prices were no more than $1.20 per kWh. Assuming revenue neutrality is achieved by raising off-peak retail rates already in excess of social marginal costs, reasonable estimates of off-peak mispricing suggest that the policy is net-negative for social welfare due to the off-peak welfare losses.Next, we consider the opportunities for pricing greenhouse gas emissions in the agriculture sector, considering specifically the effectiveness and costs of pricing policies for agricultural soil emissions. The nitrous oxide emissions from these soils are unlikely to be directly priced, so we consider a pricing policy for a proxy: application of nitrogen fertilizer. We evaluate the effects and benefits of levying a tax on nitrogen fertilizer, as well as various subsidy and rebate policies which could be implemented as voluntary carbon offsets, given the informational and political constraints. Using detailed USDA data on farmer production practices and the biogeochemical simulation model DayCent, we estimate the marginal damages of fertilizer application across a representative sample of 2016 US corn growers. We then conjecture the responses to our simulated policies using a demand elasticity for fertilizer from the literature. A uniform tax set at the nationwide average marginal damages of fertilizer application achieves a 20% reduction in emissions. A more politically feasible subsidy policy for reductions relative to a counterfactual baseline is less effective at reducing emissions, achieving only 8-10% abatement, depending on the level of policy targeting. We then consider the ability for regulators to manipulate counterfactual baselines in order to increase the amount of abatement achieved, with corresponding increases in both marginal and inframarginal outlays. Emissions reductions exhibit diminishing returns while subsidy payouts increase convexly, suggesting an optimal baseline that minimizes abatement costs.Finally, we consider consumer vehicle choices in the face of subsidies for zero emissions vehicles over the coming decades. We document the design and application of ATLAS (Automobile and Technology Lifecycle-Based ASsignment), a comprehensive household vehicle transaction and technology adoption micro-simulator in the San Francisco Bay Area. ATLAS evolves the fleet mix of individual households by simulating the transaction (vehicle addition, disposal, and replacement) and choice (vehicle type, vintage, and powertrain) decisions in response to co-evolving demographics, land use, and vehicle technology simulations. While most existing literature has focused on the overall effect of technology progress and/or policy mechanisms on aggregate clean vehicle uptake, this paper differentiates distributional effects and decomposes the underlying mechanisms across heterogeneous sub-populations of households. Using scenarios and sensitivity simulations that vary technology (e.g., whether battery cost declines) and policy (e.g., California's Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate by 2035) assumptions, we find that Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) penetrate into higher income groups at a faster rate than into lower income groups, which is intuitive and aligns with expectations. Interestingly, the relative income disparity in ZEV ownership shrinks over time across all scenarios, with a ZEV mandate coupled with declining battery cost leading to the greatest reduction in disparity of ZEV ownership by 2050. Federal, state, and local financial incentives influence the redistribution of ZEV uptake across income groups and contribute to narrowing income disparity. Vehicle transaction frequency and new versus used market dynamics are found to be important factors contributing to the income disparity. ATLAS can be extended to support policy decisions in other regions to ensure an efficient, effective, and equitable transition to a clean vehicle future.
일반주제명  
Transportation
키워드  
Electricity markets
키워드  
Agricultural soil emissions
키워드  
Political constraints
키워드  
Zero Emission Vehicles
키워드  
Market dynamics
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Agricultural & Resource Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aThree  Essays  on  Payments  for  Behavior  Changes
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■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a136  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Sallee,  James.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aIn  the  face  of  climate  inaction,  policymakers  and  climate  activists  have  been  more  frequently  turning  toward  policies  which  may  not  be  the  most  efficient  or  effective,  but  enjoy  much  broader  political  support  and  face  less  resistance.  Often,  these  policies  take  the  form  of  subsidies  for  reductions  in  undesirable  outcomes.  In  this  research,  we  explore  three  such  policies  in  three  different  sectors.Our  first  setting  is  in  electricity  markets,  where  extreme  heat  pushes  the  electric  grid  to  the  edge  of  its  capacity  on  certain  critical  days.  We  estimate  the  effectiveness,  cost,  and  welfare  consequences  of  a  large  scale  residential  electricity  demand  response  subsidy  program  in  California  in  2022.  We  find  that  enrolled  customers  reduce  consumption  by  55  watts  in  our  preferred  specification,  but  the  high  degree  of  non-additional  payments  yield  a  program  cost  of  $12.46  per  kWh  of  reduction,  while  wholesale  electricity  prices  were  no  more  than  $1.20  per  kWh.  Assuming  revenue  neutrality  is  achieved  by  raising  off-peak  retail  rates  already  in  excess  of  social  marginal  costs,  reasonable  estimates  of  off-peak  mispricing  suggest  that  the  policy  is  net-negative  for  social  welfare  due  to  the  off-peak  welfare  losses.Next,  we  consider  the  opportunities  for  pricing  greenhouse  gas  emissions  in  the  agriculture  sector,  considering  specifically  the  effectiveness  and  costs  of  pricing  policies  for  agricultural  soil  emissions.  The  nitrous  oxide  emissions  from  these  soils  are  unlikely  to  be  directly  priced,  so  we  consider  a  pricing  policy  for  a  proxy:  application  of  nitrogen  fertilizer.  We  evaluate  the  effects  and  benefits  of  levying  a  tax  on  nitrogen  fertilizer,  as  well  as  various  subsidy  and  rebate  policies  which  could  be  implemented  as  voluntary  carbon  offsets,  given  the  informational  and  political  constraints.  Using  detailed  USDA  data  on  farmer  production  practices  and  the  biogeochemical  simulation  model  DayCent,  we  estimate  the  marginal  damages  of  fertilizer  application  across  a  representative  sample  of  2016  US  corn  growers.  We  then  conjecture  the  responses  to  our  simulated  policies  using  a  demand  elasticity  for  fertilizer  from  the  literature.  A  uniform  tax  set  at  the  nationwide  average  marginal  damages  of  fertilizer  application  achieves  a  20%  reduction  in  emissions.  A  more  politically  feasible  subsidy  policy  for  reductions  relative  to  a  counterfactual  baseline  is  less  effective  at  reducing  emissions,  achieving  only  8-10%  abatement,  depending  on  the  level  of  policy  targeting.  We  then  consider  the  ability  for  regulators  to  manipulate  counterfactual  baselines  in  order  to  increase  the  amount  of  abatement  achieved,  with  corresponding  increases  in  both  marginal  and  inframarginal  outlays.  Emissions  reductions  exhibit  diminishing  returns  while  subsidy  payouts  increase  convexly,  suggesting  an  optimal  baseline  that  minimizes  abatement  costs.Finally,  we  consider  consumer  vehicle  choices  in  the  face  of  subsidies  for  zero  emissions  vehicles  over  the  coming  decades.  We  document  the  design  and  application  of  ATLAS  (Automobile  and  Technology  Lifecycle-Based  ASsignment),  a  comprehensive  household  vehicle  transaction  and  technology  adoption  micro-simulator  in  the  San  Francisco  Bay  Area.  ATLAS  evolves  the  fleet  mix  of  individual  households  by  simulating  the  transaction  (vehicle  addition,  disposal,  and  replacement)  and  choice  (vehicle  type,  vintage,  and  powertrain)  decisions  in  response  to  co-evolving  demographics,  land  use,  and  vehicle  technology  simulations.  While  most  existing  literature  has  focused  on  the  overall  effect  of  technology  progress  and/or  policy  mechanisms  on  aggregate  clean  vehicle  uptake,  this  paper  differentiates  distributional  effects  and  decomposes  the  underlying  mechanisms  across  heterogeneous  sub-populations  of  households.  Using  scenarios  and  sensitivity  simulations  that  vary  technology  (e.g.,  whether  battery  cost  declines)  and  policy  (e.g.,  California's  Zero  Emission  Vehicle  Mandate  by  2035)  assumptions,  we  find  that  Zero  Emission  Vehicles  (ZEVs)  penetrate  into  higher  income  groups  at  a  faster  rate  than  into  lower  income  groups,  which  is  intuitive  and  aligns  with  expectations.  Interestingly,  the  relative  income  disparity  in  ZEV  ownership  shrinks  over  time  across  all  scenarios,  with  a  ZEV  mandate  coupled  with  declining  battery  cost  leading  to  the  greatest  reduction  in  disparity  of  ZEV  ownership  by  2050.  Federal,  state,  and  local  financial  incentives  influence  the  redistribution  of  ZEV  uptake  across  income  groups  and  contribute  to  narrowing  income  disparity.  Vehicle  transaction  frequency  and  new  versus  used  market  dynamics  are  found  to  be  important  factors  contributing  to  the  income  disparity.  ATLAS  can  be  extended  to  support  policy  decisions  in  other  regions  to  ensure  an  efficient,  effective,  and  equitable  transition  to  a  clean  vehicle  future.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aTransportation
■653    ▼aElectricity  markets
■653    ▼aAgricultural  soil  emissions
■653    ▼aPolitical  constraints
■653    ▼aZero  Emission  Vehicles
■653    ▼aMarket  dynamics
■690    ▼a0438
■690    ▼a0503
■690    ▼a0709
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bAgricultural  &  Resource  Economics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01A.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357811▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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